Microbial fertilizer and application technology

  Microbial fertilizer is a biological fertilizer fermented by one or several beneficial microorganisms and industrialized culture. Microbial fertilizers are generally divided into two categories: one is the increase in the supply of nutrients to the plant through the life activities of the microbes contained therein, resulting in an improvement in the nutritional status of the plant, which in turn increases the yield, which is representative of the bacterial fertilizer; The class is a generalized microbial fertilizer. Although it also increases the yield of crops through the microbial life activities it contains, it is not only limited to increase the supply level of plant nutrients, but also includes the secondary metabolites they produce, such as hormones. The stimulating effect of matter on plants,

 

Promote the absorption and utilization of nutrients by plants, or resist the pathogenic effects of certain pathogenic microorganisms, reduce pests and diseases, and thus increase crop yield and quality.

 

First, the main types and characteristics of microbial fertilizers

 

China started its research and application of bacterial fertilizer earlier. In 1950 , it began a comprehensive research and application of various fungi such as rhizobium and antibiotics. At present, the most widely used in domestic agriculture is the nodule agent, followed by antibiotic fertilizer and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In recent years, the application of phosphorus bacteria and potassium bacteria has become more and more widespread. After 2002 , there were also actinomycetes such as fertilization, growth promotion, disease resistance, stress resistance, and soil improvement. Bio-organic fertilizer is a kind of bio-fertilizer which is made up of microbial inoculant and high-quality organic fertilizer. It has obvious effects in production practice and becomes a new force for replacing some or all of fertilizer.

 

Among the microbial fertilizers, the research and application of rhizobium agents are the earliest and most extensive. At the beginning of the 20th century, some countries in Europe and the United States began the production of rhizobium agents. Rhizobium fertilizer mainly contains rhizobium. Rhizobium is co-existing with legume crops, and uses the nutrients provided by legumes for biological nitrogen fixation. Application of phosphorus and potassium bacterial agents began in the 1960s. Potassium bacterial fertilizer is also called biological potassium fertilizer, silicate fungicide, and its main component is silicate bacteria. Nitrogen-fixing fertilizer can use nitrogen in the air as nitrogen nutrient at normal temperature and pressure to reduce molecular nitrogen to ammonia and produce nitrogen fixation. The application of biological potassium fertilizer is an effective measure to alleviate the shortage of potassium in China and improve the potassium deficiency in large areas of soil. It should be noted in the production that the potassium bacteria fertilizer itself does not contain potassium fertilizer, so it is still necessary to apply potassium fertilizer when applied. Phosphate bacterial fertilizer is a microbial preparation that can convert the ineffective phosphorus in the soil into effective phosphorus. Actinomycetes are microorganisms that resolve organic nutrients and decompose organic carbides to obtain carbon sources and energy sources. The compound fertilizer is compounded by more than one microbial agent, such as EM .

 

Second, the mechanism of action of microbial fertilizer

 

The efficacy of microbial fertilizers is mainly related to the source and effectiveness of nutrients, or to the absorption of nutrients, water and disease by crops. It is summarized as follows:

 

　　 1 . Increase soil fertility, which is one of the main functions of microbial fertilizers. For example, various nitrogen-producing microbial fertilizers that are self-generated, combined, and symbiotic can increase the nitrogen source in the soil; the application of various phosphorus-dissolving and potassium-dissolving microorganisms can decompose the insoluble phosphorus and potassium in the soil, so that it can be a crop. Absorption and utilization.

 

　　 2 . Produces phytohormonal substances to stimulate crop growth. Many microbes used as microbial fertilizers also produce plant hormones that stimulate and regulate crop growth, make plants grow robust, and improve nutritional status.

 

　　 3 . It has a biological control effect on harmful microorganisms. Due to the inoculation of microorganisms at the root of the crop, the microorganisms grow and multiply in the roots of the crops, forming the dominant bacteria in the rhizosphere of the crop, which limits the breeding opportunities of other pathogenic microorganisms. At the same time, some microorganisms also have a resistance to pathogenic microorganisms, which has the effect of reducing crop diseases.

 

Third, the disease resistance mechanism of microbial fertilizer

 

In addition to the effect of increasing and increasing the yield of traditional fertilizers, microbial fertilizers can also reduce crop diseases. There are three main reasons for this: First, the beneficial microbial growth and reproduction in the fertilizer, forming a dominant population in the crop micro-ecological system of the rhizosphere soil, inhibiting the growth and reproduction of other harmful microorganisms, and even antagonizing some harmful pathogenic bacteria, Reduce the chance of harmful micro-organisms. Second, beneficial microorganisms secrete various metabolites into the crop rhizosphere soil micro-ecological system during growth and reproduction. These metabolites can stimulate crop growth and improve the ability of crops to resist adverse environment. The third is to apply microbial fertilizer when the plant is under the influence of disease, freezing damage, drought, aging, etc., and the strains contained in it can induce the crop to produce superoxide dismutase, eliminate the free radicals generated by the adversity, thereby improving the crop. Resistance to stress and reduce disease.

 

Fourth, the use of microbial fertilizers

 

The types of microbial fertilizers vary and their usage varies.

 

　　 1 . How to use liquid microbial agents.

 

　　 (1) Use on seeds. ① dressing: immersing the seeds before sowing 10 - jet wet diluent or diluent, the seeds sufficient contact with liquid biological agents after seeding 20-fold agents. 2 soaking seeds: add the appropriate amount of water to soak the seeds, remove and dry, and seed when the seeds are white.

 

　　 (2) Use on seedlings. ① dipping: the liquid disinfectant diluted 10--20 times, before transplanting the seedlings roots immersed in the liquid can be removed immediately after wet. ② spray root: When many seedlings can be 10 --20 fold dilution in wet the roots can be placed in the cartridge.

 

　　 (3) Use during the growing season. 1 Spraying: Foliar topdressing can be carried out during the growing period of the crop. After the liquid microbial agent is diluted in the required multiples, the day after the rainy day or after the sunny afternoon is sprayed evenly on the back and front of the leaves. ② IRRIGATING: a 1: 40 - 100 according to the mix ratio planting row around the roots of trees IRRIGATING or irrigation.

 

　　 2 . The method of using solid bacteria.

 

　　 (1) Use on seeds. 1 Seed dressing: Before planting, spray the seeds with water or millet soup, mix well with the solid bacteria, and mix all the seeds with a layer of solid bio-fertilizer. 2 soaking seeds: After soaking the solid bacteria for 1 to 2 hours, soak the seeds with the leachate.

 

　　 (2) Use on seedlings. The solid was diluted agents 10--20 times, before transplanting the seedlings immediately after immersing the root of the diluent can be removed dampened.

 

　　 (3) Mixing fertilizer. Used after sufficient decomposition of organic fertilizer mixing 60 kg, do basic fertilizer, fertilizer with fertilizer and seedling - per 1000 and 40 gram of solid agents.

 

　　 (4) Mixing soil. It can be mixed into nutrient soil to make nutrient mash during crop seedling cultivation; it can also be mixed into the mud root before transplanting seedlings such as fruit trees.

 

　　 3 . Application of bio-organic fertilizer.

 

　　 (1) As a base fertilizer. Field crops per acre 40--120 kg during spring and autumn was applied with manure and soil preparation; crops and crop cultivation can be added as appropriate to the amount of locally grown accustomed.

 

　　 (2) for topdressing. Compared with chemical fertilizers, bio-organic fertilizers have full nutrition and long-term fertilizer efficiency, but bio-organic fertilizers are slower than fertilizers. 10 days, the amount of fertilizer can be made into dressing equivalent - and therefore, the use of bio-organic fertilizer top dressing should be done in advance of fertilizer than 7.

 

5. Several issues to be aware of when purchasing and using microbial fertilizers

 

The use of microbial fertilizers meets the requirements of the fertilizer principle for safe production and pollution-free agricultural products, and has been included in the production of green foods by the China Green Food Development Center. However, microbial fertilizers are still a new thing for many producers. Therefore, the precautions for use should be specified in the process of promoting microbial fertilizers.

 

　　 1 . It is necessary to witness when purchasing. In order to choose a microbial fertilizer with guaranteed quality, it is necessary to first see whether there is a production license or a temporary production license issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. The provinces are not eligible to issue production licenses or temporary production licenses for microbial fertilizers.

 

　　 2 . Choose a qualified product. State regulations effective number of viable microbial fertilizer agents Yi ≥ 2 / g, big fat effective viable count ≥ 2000 Wan / g, in order to make fertilizer at the end of the period still meet this requirement, manufacturers should generally have 40 at the factory % of surplus. If this standard is not met, the quality will not meet the requirements.

 

　　 3 . Pay attention to the expiration date of the product. The core of microbial fertilizers lies in the living microorganisms. The number of effective microorganisms in the product is gradually reduced with the increase of storage time. If the amount is too small, it will not play its due role. Therefore, to select the product within the validity period, it is best to use the products produced in the current year, and resolutely not purchase products that have exceeded the shelf life.

 

　　 4 . Pay attention to the conditions during storage and transportation. Avoid direct sunlight and prevent ultraviolet rays from killing microorganisms in the fertilizer; try to avoid rain, store in a dry and ventilated place; product storage ambient temperature should avoid long-term low temperature above 35 °C and below -5 °C.

 

　　 5 . Mixing with fungicides or seed coatings is prohibited. For the sterilization of seeds, it should be carried out before sowing, preferably without seeding with seed coating agent.

 

　　 6 . Through reasonable agricultural technical measures, the environmental conditions such as soil temperature, humidity and pH are improved, and the soil is well ventilated ( ie, the tillage layer is required to be loose and moist ) to ensure sufficient supply of energy and nutrients in the soil, and to promote the proliferation of beneficial microorganisms. Exuberant metabolism, so as to exert its fertility effect of good production and efficiency. Generally speaking, cultivated land with water irrigation is better than dry land; soil with rich organic matter and fertile soil is better than poor soil; loose and breathable soil with good agglomerate structure is better than soil with compacted soil; It has better effect than cold and low temperature application; mixed application with organic fertilizer is better than no organic fertilizer; centralized application ( point application or ditch application ) , near root application is better than application; application alone is combined with ammonia fertilizer and bactericidal pesticide The effect is good; early application in the process of crop growth is better than late application.

 

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