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Formulated fertilization is an important measure to increase winter wheat yield. Now combined with the soil fertility status of winter wheat in our province, the following opinions are proposed for winter wheat sowing soil testing and formula fertilization.
I. Basic conditions of soil nutrients in winter wheat fields in our province
In the province's high-yield areas, the soil available nitrogen content is 40-60 mg/kg, the available phosphorus content is 10-25 mg/kg, and the soil available potassium content is 120-150 mg/kg. Compared with 20 years ago, the soil available nitrogen content Increased by 20 to 30 mg / kg, the soil available phosphorus content increased by 10 to 20 mg / kg. However, the effective potassium in the soil decreased by 20-40 mg/kg, and the nutrient contents of the medium and trace elements also decreased to varying degrees.
Second, winter wheat needs fertilizer characteristics
Winter wheat requires more nitrogen and potassium, and requires less phosphorus. At the same time, it requires medium elements such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur, and trace elements such as zinc, boron and manganese. For every 100 kg of wheat produced, it needs to absorb 2.83 kg of nitrogen (N), 1.25 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and 2.92 kg of potassium oxide (K2O). There are two peak periods for the absorption of nitrogen fertilizer in wheat during the whole life. One is the peak of the first year, accounting for 12% to 14% of the total absorption, and the other is the jointing and booting stage, accounting for 35% to 40% of the total absorption. The peak of absorption occurs in the flowering stage of jointing, accounting for 60% to 70% of the total phosphorus uptake; the absorption of potassium by wheat is less before jointing, generally not exceeding 10% of the total, and the potassium is most absorbed at the jointing and booting stage. Up to 60% to 70%.
Third, the general principle of winter wheat fertilization
Winter wheat fertilization should not be wheat on wheat. Winter wheat and summer corn should be considered in the whole two seasons, generally accounting for 50% each. Phosphate fertilizer is mainly focused on wheat. For example, soil available phosphorus is high. Phosphate fertilizer can be used for wheat. Corn is not applied with phosphate fertilizer. If the soil contains less available phosphorus, 2/3 of the phosphorus fertilizer will be used for wheat. 1/3 is used for corn; potassium is the opposite. For example, if the soil has high potassium content, all potassium fertilizer is used for corn. For example, soil available potassium is less, then 1/3 is used for wheat and 2/3 is used for corn. The general proportion of wheat fertilizer input is: nitrogen: phosphorus pentoxide: potassium oxide is 1:0.7:0.4; at the same time, the amount of organic fertilizer and trace elements is increased. It is recommended that farmers use more organic fertilizers. When applying organic fertilizers, they must be fermented to reduce soil-borne diseases. In the use of trace element fertilizers, wheat should be increased in the use of zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer, and manganese fertilizer can be applied in places where conditions are available, all of which have a good yield-increasing effect.
Fourth, the amount of winter wheat fertilizer
In order to achieve formula fertilization, soil testing must be carried out first, the nutrient content in the soil should be determined, and then the amount of fertilizer applied should be calculated according to the wheat variety and yield level. The following provides the farmers with a reference quantity for fertilizing wheat.
1. Nitrogen application rate: low-yield wheat (350 kg/mu, soil organic matter content less than 10 g/kg), wheat application period of 10-12 kg of pure nitrogen (60-70 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or urea 22-26) Kg); middle-yield field (350-450 kg per mu, soil organic matter content greater than 10 g / kg less than 13 g / kg), wheat full fertility period of application of pure nitrogen 12 ~ 14 kg (equivalent to ammonium bicarbonate 70 ~ 82 kg or Urea 26 ~ 30 kg); high-yield fields (more than 450 kg per mu, soil organic matter content greater than 13 g / kg) per mu of pure nitrogen 12 ~ 13 kg (equivalent to ammonium bicarbonate 70 ~ 77 kg or urea 26 ~ 28 kg), The high-yield wheat field should not be more than 17 kg of pure nitrogen (100 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 37 kg of urea).
2. Phosphate application rate: the available phosphorus content of the soil is less than 10 mg/kg, and the application of phosphorus pentoxide is 10-12 kg per mu (83-100 kg of superphosphate, 22~26 kg of diammonium); the available phosphorus content of the soil is greater than 10 mg / kg less than 20 mg / kg, 9 ~ 10 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (60 ~ 83 kg of superphosphate, 19 ~ 22 kg of diammonium); soil available phosphorus content greater than 20 mg / kg, acres Phosphorus pentoxide is 7 to 9 kg (60 to 75 kg of superphosphate, and 15 to 19.5 kg of diammonium).
3. Potassium fertilizer application rate: Generally, the soil available potassium content is greater than 150 mg/kg, and the low-yield field may not be applied; the soil available potassium content is 100-130 mg/kg, and the potassium application may be 2.5 to 5 kg (converted to potassium chloride 4). ~ 8.3 kg); soil available potassium content is less than 100 mg / kg, can be applied to 6 to 9 kg of potassium oxide (10 to 15 kg of potassium chloride).
4. Application rate of organic fertilizer and micro-fertilizer: The most important thing in wheat fertilization is to apply organic fertilizer, generally more than 1500 kg per mu. In addition, zinc deficiency and boron deficiency can be applied 1 kg per mus of borax. 0.5 kg.
5. Fertilization ratio and time of winter wheat
1. Ratio of base fertilizer to top dressing: In wheat fertilization, organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer can be applied as a base fertilizer once during the preparation of the soil before planting, and the nitrogen fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer and partly as the top dressing. In general, 50% of the total nitrogen fertilizer in the middle-class field is used as the base fertilizer, 50% is the top dressing; 40% of the high-yielding field is used as the base fertilizer, 60% is the top dressing; 60% of the low-yield field is the base fertilizer, 40% is the top dressing; for the no-watering condition, drought, The thin soil nitrogen fertilizer is 70% to 100% as the base fertilizer.
2. Topdressing time: At present, farmers in some places have used the previous practice to return green fertilizer when pouring back to Qingshui. At this time, topdressing is feasible for soils with thin, dry and low-yielding fields, and wheat fields with weak seedlings. However, for the middle and high-yield fields, the topdressing time should be moved to the jointing stage; for the fertile high-yield wheat fields, the topdressing can be moved to the late stage of jointing. Top dressing can also be divided into front light and heavy twice.
Sixth, the choice of fertilizer
Traditional fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate, urea, superphosphate, and diammonium are cheap, but the nutrients are single or not suitable. When applied, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be formulated according to the characteristics of wheat fertilizer. Although diammonium is nitrogen, Phosphorus binary fertilizer, but the proportion of nitrogen in wheat base fertilizer is low, and nitrogen fertilizer should also be added. Calcium superphosphate is cheap, and also contains nutrients such as calcium and sulfur, but the effective phosphorus content of phosphate fertilizer produced by individual small factories is unstable. At present, some compound fertilizers marked with urea and diammonium appear on the market, which should attract the attention of farmers. Urea contains 46% nitrogen, diammonium contains 18% nitrogen, and phosphorus pentoxide is 46%. Any content that does not reach this level is not true urea or diammonium. Potassium fertilizer, wheat with potassium chloride can be, the price is low. However, for areas with high sulfur-producing areas in high-yield areas, such as phosphorus phosphate, if potassium phosphate is not used, potassium sulfate may be used.
At present, there are a large number of counterfeit and shoddy compound fertilizers on the market, which should attract attention. It is best to buy fertilizer from large enterprises and regular manufacturers, and buy them from fixed sales locations to prevent being deceived.
I. Basic conditions of soil nutrients in winter wheat fields in our province
In the province's high-yield areas, the soil available nitrogen content is 40-60 mg/kg, the available phosphorus content is 10-25 mg/kg, and the soil available potassium content is 120-150 mg/kg. Compared with 20 years ago, the soil available nitrogen content Increased by 20 to 30 mg / kg, the soil available phosphorus content increased by 10 to 20 mg / kg. However, the effective potassium in the soil decreased by 20-40 mg/kg, and the nutrient contents of the medium and trace elements also decreased to varying degrees.
Second, winter wheat needs fertilizer characteristics
Winter wheat requires more nitrogen and potassium, and requires less phosphorus. At the same time, it requires medium elements such as calcium, magnesium and sulfur, and trace elements such as zinc, boron and manganese. For every 100 kg of wheat produced, it needs to absorb 2.83 kg of nitrogen (N), 1.25 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and 2.92 kg of potassium oxide (K2O). There are two peak periods for the absorption of nitrogen fertilizer in wheat during the whole life. One is the peak of the first year, accounting for 12% to 14% of the total absorption, and the other is the jointing and booting stage, accounting for 35% to 40% of the total absorption. The peak of absorption occurs in the flowering stage of jointing, accounting for 60% to 70% of the total phosphorus uptake; the absorption of potassium by wheat is less before jointing, generally not exceeding 10% of the total, and the potassium is most absorbed at the jointing and booting stage. Up to 60% to 70%.
Third, the general principle of winter wheat fertilization
Winter wheat fertilization should not be wheat on wheat. Winter wheat and summer corn should be considered in the whole two seasons, generally accounting for 50% each. Phosphate fertilizer is mainly focused on wheat. For example, soil available phosphorus is high. Phosphate fertilizer can be used for wheat. Corn is not applied with phosphate fertilizer. If the soil contains less available phosphorus, 2/3 of the phosphorus fertilizer will be used for wheat. 1/3 is used for corn; potassium is the opposite. For example, if the soil has high potassium content, all potassium fertilizer is used for corn. For example, soil available potassium is less, then 1/3 is used for wheat and 2/3 is used for corn. The general proportion of wheat fertilizer input is: nitrogen: phosphorus pentoxide: potassium oxide is 1:0.7:0.4; at the same time, the amount of organic fertilizer and trace elements is increased. It is recommended that farmers use more organic fertilizers. When applying organic fertilizers, they must be fermented to reduce soil-borne diseases. In the use of trace element fertilizers, wheat should be increased in the use of zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer, and manganese fertilizer can be applied in places where conditions are available, all of which have a good yield-increasing effect.
Fourth, the amount of winter wheat fertilizer
In order to achieve formula fertilization, soil testing must be carried out first, the nutrient content in the soil should be determined, and then the amount of fertilizer applied should be calculated according to the wheat variety and yield level. The following provides the farmers with a reference quantity for fertilizing wheat.
1. Nitrogen application rate: low-yield wheat (350 kg/mu, soil organic matter content less than 10 g/kg), wheat application period of 10-12 kg of pure nitrogen (60-70 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or urea 22-26) Kg); middle-yield field (350-450 kg per mu, soil organic matter content greater than 10 g / kg less than 13 g / kg), wheat full fertility period of application of pure nitrogen 12 ~ 14 kg (equivalent to ammonium bicarbonate 70 ~ 82 kg or Urea 26 ~ 30 kg); high-yield fields (more than 450 kg per mu, soil organic matter content greater than 13 g / kg) per mu of pure nitrogen 12 ~ 13 kg (equivalent to ammonium bicarbonate 70 ~ 77 kg or urea 26 ~ 28 kg), The high-yield wheat field should not be more than 17 kg of pure nitrogen (100 kg of ammonium bicarbonate or 37 kg of urea).
2. Phosphate application rate: the available phosphorus content of the soil is less than 10 mg/kg, and the application of phosphorus pentoxide is 10-12 kg per mu (83-100 kg of superphosphate, 22~26 kg of diammonium); the available phosphorus content of the soil is greater than 10 mg / kg less than 20 mg / kg, 9 ~ 10 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (60 ~ 83 kg of superphosphate, 19 ~ 22 kg of diammonium); soil available phosphorus content greater than 20 mg / kg, acres Phosphorus pentoxide is 7 to 9 kg (60 to 75 kg of superphosphate, and 15 to 19.5 kg of diammonium).
3. Potassium fertilizer application rate: Generally, the soil available potassium content is greater than 150 mg/kg, and the low-yield field may not be applied; the soil available potassium content is 100-130 mg/kg, and the potassium application may be 2.5 to 5 kg (converted to potassium chloride 4). ~ 8.3 kg); soil available potassium content is less than 100 mg / kg, can be applied to 6 to 9 kg of potassium oxide (10 to 15 kg of potassium chloride).
4. Application rate of organic fertilizer and micro-fertilizer: The most important thing in wheat fertilization is to apply organic fertilizer, generally more than 1500 kg per mu. In addition, zinc deficiency and boron deficiency can be applied 1 kg per mus of borax. 0.5 kg.
5. Fertilization ratio and time of winter wheat
1. Ratio of base fertilizer to top dressing: In wheat fertilization, organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, zinc fertilizer and boron fertilizer can be applied as a base fertilizer once during the preparation of the soil before planting, and the nitrogen fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer and partly as the top dressing. In general, 50% of the total nitrogen fertilizer in the middle-class field is used as the base fertilizer, 50% is the top dressing; 40% of the high-yielding field is used as the base fertilizer, 60% is the top dressing; 60% of the low-yield field is the base fertilizer, 40% is the top dressing; for the no-watering condition, drought, The thin soil nitrogen fertilizer is 70% to 100% as the base fertilizer.
2. Topdressing time: At present, farmers in some places have used the previous practice to return green fertilizer when pouring back to Qingshui. At this time, topdressing is feasible for soils with thin, dry and low-yielding fields, and wheat fields with weak seedlings. However, for the middle and high-yield fields, the topdressing time should be moved to the jointing stage; for the fertile high-yield wheat fields, the topdressing can be moved to the late stage of jointing. Top dressing can also be divided into front light and heavy twice.
Sixth, the choice of fertilizer
Traditional fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate, urea, superphosphate, and diammonium are cheap, but the nutrients are single or not suitable. When applied, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium should be formulated according to the characteristics of wheat fertilizer. Although diammonium is nitrogen, Phosphorus binary fertilizer, but the proportion of nitrogen in wheat base fertilizer is low, and nitrogen fertilizer should also be added. Calcium superphosphate is cheap, and also contains nutrients such as calcium and sulfur, but the effective phosphorus content of phosphate fertilizer produced by individual small factories is unstable. At present, some compound fertilizers marked with urea and diammonium appear on the market, which should attract the attention of farmers. Urea contains 46% nitrogen, diammonium contains 18% nitrogen, and phosphorus pentoxide is 46%. Any content that does not reach this level is not true urea or diammonium. Potassium fertilizer, wheat with potassium chloride can be, the price is low. However, for areas with high sulfur-producing areas in high-yield areas, such as phosphorus phosphate, if potassium phosphate is not used, potassium sulfate may be used.
At present, there are a large number of counterfeit and shoddy compound fertilizers on the market, which should attract attention. It is best to buy fertilizer from large enterprises and regular manufacturers, and buy them from fixed sales locations to prevent being deceived.
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