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With the improvement of people's living standards, green vegetables with no pollution, high quality and high nutrition are more and more favored by consumers. The production of green pollution-free vegetables has become the development direction of vegetable production. The production of green vegetables should not only pay attention to the use of water and pesticides, but also strict requirements on the types, dosages and methods of fertilizers.
First, the principle of fertilization
In vegetable production, there are two ways for fertilizer to cause pollution to vegetables. One is the harmful toxic substances contained in the fertilizer, such as pathogens, parasite eggs, poisonous gas, heavy metals, etc. The second is the large amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to cause nitrates in vegetables. Accumulation in the body. Therefore, the application of fertilizer in green vegetable production should adhere to the following principles: mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by other fertilizers; base fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing; multi-element compound fertilizer, supplemented by single-element fertilizer.
Second, the type of fertilizer
1. Organic fertilizer: Organic fertilizer is the preferred fertilizer for producing green vegetables. It has the advantages of long fertilizer efficiency, stable fertilizer supply, small fertilizer and other fertilizers, such as compost, manure, biogas fertilizer, cake fertilizer, green manure, mud fertilizer, crops. Straw and so on.
2. Fertilizer: The production of green vegetables restricts the application of chemical fertilizers in principle. If it is really needed in the production process, it must be applied scientifically. The chemical fertilizers that can be used for green vegetable production include urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, mineral potassium, and superphosphate.
3. Biological bacterial fertilizer: Biological bacterial fertilizer has both long-acting effect of organic fertilizer and quick-acting effect of chemical fertilizer, and can reduce nitrate content in vegetables, improve vegetable quality and improve soil properties. Therefore, green vegetable production should be actively promoted. Use biological fertilizers, such as rhizobium fertilizer, phosphorus bacterial fertilizer, active potassium fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing bacterial fertilizer, silicate bacterial fertilizer, compound microorganisms and humic acid fertilizer.
4, inorganic mineral fertilizer: such as mineral potassium fertilizer, mineral phosphate fertilizer.
5. Trace element fertilizer: a fertilizer formulated mainly from trace elements such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese and boron.
Third, fertilization measures
1. Re-application of organic fertilizer and less application of chemical fertilizer: sufficient organic fertilizer can continuously supply the demand for nutrients in the whole growth period of vegetables, which is conducive to the improvement of vegetable quality. Crop straw and livestock manure should be added to the fermenting agent and fermented at high temperature to make it fully decomposed before being applied to the vegetable field. During the fermentation, the fresh manure is put into a plastic bag, stacked or placed in a cylinder, and hot water is sealed, and naturally fermented at an ambient humidity of 15 ° C or higher, during the fermentation process and between 45 ° C. The addition of the quick-curing agent to the crop straw can be directly returned to the field, but after pulverizing it, the heap rot fermentation effect is better. The method of composting is to add 1-2 kg of quick-killing agent per 100 kg of pulverized straw. After stacking, the surface is sealed with mud, and the fertilizer is generally about 20 days.
2, re-application of base fertilizer, less applied top dressing: practice has proved that under the same base fertilizer conditions, the greater the amount of topdressing, green vegetable production to apply sufficient base fertilizer, control topdressing, generally apply 15 kg of pure nitrogen per acre, 2 / 3 as base fertilizer, 1/3 for topdressing, deep application.
3. Pay attention to the scientific application of chemical fertilizers: First, it is forbidden to apply nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. The second is to control the amount of chemical fertilizer. Generally, the nitrogen application rate per mu should be controlled within 15 kg of pure nitrogen. The third is to apply deep and early. Generally, the ammonia nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil layer below 6 cm, and the urea is applied to the soil layer below 10 cm. Early application is beneficial to the early growth of crops, prolonging fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate accumulation. Practice has proved that after a certain treatment before urea application, it can also quickly improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce pollution in a short period of time. The treatment method is as follows: take 1 part of urea, 8-10 parts of dry and moderate soil, mix it evenly and then store it in a dry room, cover the plastic film on the lower cover, and pile up for 7-10 days to do the top dressing. The fourth is to be combined with organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer.
4. Fertilization due to soil, seedlings, and seasons: different geology, different seedlings, different seasons of fertilization, fertilization methods should be different, low-fat vegetable land, nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer can be applied to fertilize Ground force. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in the seedling stage of vegetables is beneficial to the early growth of vegetables. The summer and autumn seasons have high temperatures and high nitrate reductase activity, which is not conducive to the accumulation of nitrates.
5. New method of fertilization:
(1) Spray brown sugar (white sugar) solution. For example, spraying 0.2%-0.3% of brown sugar liquid on leafy vegetables can increase the leaves, increase the chlorophyll content, and increase the disease resistance of the plants, generally increasing yield by about 10%. Note that the concentration of the sugar solution should not be too high, spray once every 5-7 days, usually spray 3-5 times;
(2) Foliar vinegar. Apply 1-2 days after the planting of the solanaceous vegetables, spray 400 times of vinegar solution every 5-7 days, and spray 3-5 times, which can increase the yield of vegetables by 10%-20%. When squirting, it is generally carried out in the afternoon, 40-50 kg of vinegar per acre.
First, the principle of fertilization
In vegetable production, there are two ways for fertilizer to cause pollution to vegetables. One is the harmful toxic substances contained in the fertilizer, such as pathogens, parasite eggs, poisonous gas, heavy metals, etc. The second is the large amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to cause nitrates in vegetables. Accumulation in the body. Therefore, the application of fertilizer in green vegetable production should adhere to the following principles: mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by other fertilizers; base fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing; multi-element compound fertilizer, supplemented by single-element fertilizer.
Second, the type of fertilizer
1. Organic fertilizer: Organic fertilizer is the preferred fertilizer for producing green vegetables. It has the advantages of long fertilizer efficiency, stable fertilizer supply, small fertilizer and other fertilizers, such as compost, manure, biogas fertilizer, cake fertilizer, green manure, mud fertilizer, crops. Straw and so on.
2. Fertilizer: The production of green vegetables restricts the application of chemical fertilizers in principle. If it is really needed in the production process, it must be applied scientifically. The chemical fertilizers that can be used for green vegetable production include urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, mineral potassium, and superphosphate.
3. Biological bacterial fertilizer: Biological bacterial fertilizer has both long-acting effect of organic fertilizer and quick-acting effect of chemical fertilizer, and can reduce nitrate content in vegetables, improve vegetable quality and improve soil properties. Therefore, green vegetable production should be actively promoted. Use biological fertilizers, such as rhizobium fertilizer, phosphorus bacterial fertilizer, active potassium fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing bacterial fertilizer, silicate bacterial fertilizer, compound microorganisms and humic acid fertilizer.
4, inorganic mineral fertilizer: such as mineral potassium fertilizer, mineral phosphate fertilizer.
5. Trace element fertilizer: a fertilizer formulated mainly from trace elements such as copper, iron, zinc, manganese and boron.
Third, fertilization measures
1. Re-application of organic fertilizer and less application of chemical fertilizer: sufficient organic fertilizer can continuously supply the demand for nutrients in the whole growth period of vegetables, which is conducive to the improvement of vegetable quality. Crop straw and livestock manure should be added to the fermenting agent and fermented at high temperature to make it fully decomposed before being applied to the vegetable field. During the fermentation, the fresh manure is put into a plastic bag, stacked or placed in a cylinder, and hot water is sealed, and naturally fermented at an ambient humidity of 15 ° C or higher, during the fermentation process and between 45 ° C. The addition of the quick-curing agent to the crop straw can be directly returned to the field, but after pulverizing it, the heap rot fermentation effect is better. The method of composting is to add 1-2 kg of quick-killing agent per 100 kg of pulverized straw. After stacking, the surface is sealed with mud, and the fertilizer is generally about 20 days.
2, re-application of base fertilizer, less applied top dressing: practice has proved that under the same base fertilizer conditions, the greater the amount of topdressing, green vegetable production to apply sufficient base fertilizer, control topdressing, generally apply 15 kg of pure nitrogen per acre, 2 / 3 as base fertilizer, 1/3 for topdressing, deep application.
3. Pay attention to the scientific application of chemical fertilizers: First, it is forbidden to apply nitrate nitrogen fertilizer. The second is to control the amount of chemical fertilizer. Generally, the nitrogen application rate per mu should be controlled within 15 kg of pure nitrogen. The third is to apply deep and early. Generally, the ammonia nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil layer below 6 cm, and the urea is applied to the soil layer below 10 cm. Early application is beneficial to the early growth of crops, prolonging fertilizer efficiency and reducing nitrate accumulation. Practice has proved that after a certain treatment before urea application, it can also quickly improve fertilizer efficiency and reduce pollution in a short period of time. The treatment method is as follows: take 1 part of urea, 8-10 parts of dry and moderate soil, mix it evenly and then store it in a dry room, cover the plastic film on the lower cover, and pile up for 7-10 days to do the top dressing. The fourth is to be combined with organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer.
4. Fertilization due to soil, seedlings, and seasons: different geology, different seedlings, different seasons of fertilization, fertilization methods should be different, low-fat vegetable land, nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer can be applied to fertilize Ground force. The application of nitrogen fertilizer in the seedling stage of vegetables is beneficial to the early growth of vegetables. The summer and autumn seasons have high temperatures and high nitrate reductase activity, which is not conducive to the accumulation of nitrates.
5. New method of fertilization:
(1) Spray brown sugar (white sugar) solution. For example, spraying 0.2%-0.3% of brown sugar liquid on leafy vegetables can increase the leaves, increase the chlorophyll content, and increase the disease resistance of the plants, generally increasing yield by about 10%. Note that the concentration of the sugar solution should not be too high, spray once every 5-7 days, usually spray 3-5 times;
(2) Foliar vinegar. Apply 1-2 days after the planting of the solanaceous vegetables, spray 400 times of vinegar solution every 5-7 days, and spray 3-5 times, which can increase the yield of vegetables by 10%-20%. When squirting, it is generally carried out in the afternoon, 40-50 kg of vinegar per acre.
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