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Virus-free seed potato is a kind of seed potato production system that uses seed stem tissue culture technology to breed potato seedlings, and then increases the number of seed potatoes through successive generations, and the seed potatoes used for commodity potatoes are produced. Yanqing Agricultural Research Institute began researching, cultivating, and popularizing virus-free potato seedlings from the early 1980s, with significant yield increase effects. Generally, it can increase production by 30% to 50%, and high-yield plots can reach 100%. Currently promoted varieties are: Fei Uret, Atlantic, Zhongshu No. 3. Through nearly three years of trials and demonstrations, in addition to increasing yields, more attention has been paid to the production of organic potatoes, and 1,000 tons of potatoes have been promoted. It produced 25,000 tons of safe, high-quality, non-polluting and nutritious potato product and reached the organic food standard.
The difficulty in high-yield cultivation techniques of organic virus-free potatoes is that organic cultivation techniques and potatoes are vulnerable to late blight, early blight, virus disease and locust infestation, which is one of the main factors restricting the rapid development of organic potato production. According to the requirements of organic foods of the State Environmental Protection Administration, we can use high-ridging cultivation techniques and effective environmental protection to produce potatoes that meet the standards.
1 selection
The environmental indicators for the production of organic potatoes required for soil should meet the requirements of the environmental quality indicators of organic food production areas. Generally, land that has been idle for more than three years, new land reclamation, or legumes that have not used chemical fertilizers or pesticides, or pastures, is a land that was formerly planted. Select sandy loam with deep soil, good drainage and irrigation, even soil fertility and medium fertility. Potatoes with a pH value of 5.5 to 7 and no pollution and good ecological environment can be planted around the plot. Potato bogey weight can be used for crop rotation, the former is not suitable for planting crucifer crops, it is best to bean, herbage 2 years of rotation for 1 time.
2 Soil Preparation and Fertilization
Before the planting, we should eliminate the earthworms, deep loose soil, and the depth should be more than 30cm. In combination with decomposed land, 3,000-4000kg of organic fertilizer, 100kg of mineral phosphate fertilizer and 100kg of charcoal should be applied per 667m2. Apply basic basal fertilizer (80% of total application amount), ridge on fertilizer, ridge distance 60-70cm, ridge width 60cm, ridge height 25cm, double ridge planting; single ridge planting, ridge distance 50cm, ridge width 30cm, ridge height 20cm. Ridged planting can improve the early ground temperature of potato growth; thicken the soil layer, loosen the soil and increase the fertility; can drain away stains, reduce the humidity in the field, effectively prevent late blight, early blight, reduce the rate of rotten potatoes, greatly increase the large and medium potato Product rate.
3 Select seed potatoes, timely sowing
3.1 Selective germination
According to the local climate, combined with the next crop, choose a suitable virus-free seed potato during the growing period. After planting the potatoes, pay attention to cold and heat, pick out the diseased potatoes and the bad potatoes; put the seed potatoes into the 15 to 20°C astigmatism condition to germinate for 10 to 13 days (20 days before the general sowing) and wait for the buds to grow. After moving into the light at the sun for 7 to 10 days, turning a few times a day until the white buds turn green.
3.2 Sowing
It is required that seeding can be performed when the temperature of 10 cm or less stably passes through 8 to 10°C. The area is sown after April 5th each year and harvested in early July so that it can be harvested before the onset of the high incidence period.
1 Seed and seed blocks are required to be between 20 and 35 g. Each bud should retain 2 buds. Using a spiral cutting method, each piece of seed potato has 1 apical bud.
2 tool disinfection should prepare more than 2 tools, with 0.2% potassium permanganate disinfectant or boiling water disinfection. When the diseased potato is encountered during cutting, the diseased potato (ring rot) is removed and the cutter is soaked in disinfectant or boiling water for 3 to 5 minutes to prevent infection by the pathogen.
3 kinds of potato processing The cut seed potatoes are dressed with grass ash, which can effectively supplement potassium, drought resistance and cold resistance. This can effectively prevent seed germs and some soil-borne diseases caused by seed potato rot, thus increasing the emergence rate.
4 Seeding sowing according to soil conditions. Clay should be shallow sowing, deep 7 ~ 8cm, sandy loam deep 8 ~ 10cm is appropriate. Every 667 square meters broadcast 4200 ~ 4800 strains. At this time combined with the soil treatment to control soil pests, earthworms, helminths, etc., can be used 1.1% matrine powder 1000 times spraying the ground, or 300 to 500 times the liquid and fertilizer mixed application.
4 Field Management
4.1 Seedlings and cultivators
About 25 days after sowing, the seedlings were checked and the seedlings were replanted in time. When reseeding can be selected germinated whole potato sowing. After the seedlings are flushed, the first deep loose soil (5cm) is made when the seedling height is 5 to 10cm; the second time the seedling height is 15 to 20cm, the earthworms are combined to remove the weeds (the remaining top dressing is 20%); the third earthing Before budding (that is, before ridge closure), deep loose soil (10cm). Effectively prevent the potato block from appearing on the ground and turn green to affect the quality, and it is also helpful to increase the level of tuber, to make multiple tubers and combine large potatoes.
4.2 Water Management
Before emergence, watering should not be done to keep the soil moist. After emergence, light watering is about 15cm high. Once the buds are introduced into the tuber, the soil should be kept moist from the initial stage to the middle stage. This is a critical period for vegetative growth and reproductive growth. The highest amount of water is avoided, so as to avoid dripping and dampening, using a small amount of ground water, not only can reduce the soil temperature but also conducive to the formation of tuber enlargement, and at the same time prevent the formation of secondary tubers. The lack of water at this time will seriously affect potato production and can easily cause potato hollowness and reduce quality. In the late stage, watering is less and watering can easily cause cracking and rotten potato phenomenon. Avoid flooding throughout the growing season.
4.3 Picking flowers
When potato is in flowering stage, it is the period of underground tuber enlargement. Removing the buds can effectively transfer the above-ground nutrients to the underground, providing tuber enlargement and significantly increasing potato production.
4.4 Biological Pesticide Control
The selected pesticide must be a biological agent or a naturally occurring substance. It cannot contain or add chemical substances that have been incorporated into the work. Otherwise, the organic food standard cannot be met.
Potatoes are susceptible to late blight, early blight, and viral diseases. Insects are mainly aphids. Drainage should be cleared in time, drained in time after rain, reduce the humidity in the field, remove weeds; find the diseased plants, and remove and remove them in time. For late blight and early blight, a 30% basic copper sulphate suspoemulsion can be sprayed for 1 to 3 times depending on the condition. Virus disease can be transmitted through aphid and sap rubbing and transmission, completely control aphids before and after emergence, can be sprayed with 0.36% matrine aqueous solution or 0.5% veratrine soluble liquid spray, can also use sexual attractant or variable frequency insecticidal lamp Biological control. Virus disease can be controlled with 10% mixed fatty acid emulsion spray.
5 Harvest
In the yellow potato stems and leaves, yellow leaves off the base, stems shrink, lignification of the tuber surface can no longer be expanded when the harvest, 667 square meters of output up to 2500 ~ 3000kg. Can also be marketed in time according to market demand, although the output is not the highest, but due to high prices, economic benefits are also good.