Overseas Fire Professional Development and Status Quo

In the Tianjin Binhai explosion accident , the sacrifice of firefighters brought us moving, but also led people to reflect on the issue of specialization in firefighting. In recent years, such sacrifices and reflections have disappeared. The Chinese fire-fighting force is affiliated with the Armed Police Force. Its operations are under the command of the Fire Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, and the funds are borne by the local finance. In most areas, there are insufficient funds, differences in equipment, and corresponding military service systems. These firefighters are mostly young recruits, and their experience is difficult to accumulate.

In the face of precious life, we should do more.

The foreign fire protection systems sorted out below are believed to have been more thoroughly studied by the relevant government agencies and scholars, combined with practice, and will not only allow the affected people to get more protection from retroactive young firefighters during the next disaster. .

【United States】

Dangerous goods disposal requires training of specialized dangerous goods technicians

The fire protection system in the United States is open and includes the National Fire Protection Administration and the fire protection agencies in each city. Firefighters consist of professional firefighters and volunteers. According to the data on the FireRescue website in 2011 , the former accounted for about 30% .

The fire protection agencies of various cities and municipalities are in various forms. Usually, they have more formal firefighters and sophisticated equipment at the county level. There are smaller volunteer fire brigades and fire communication systems in towns and border areas below the county level. In some small places where it is difficult for them to establish a regular fire brigade, Wan Gang will sign a fire protection agreement with a nearby full-time fire brigade or volunteer fire brigade to form a fire protection zone. In addition, some private organizations may also establish their own, trained fire protection organizations.

According to the US Fire Administration official website information, in addition to a professional firefighter must have a driver's license, minimum qualifications for high school, as an adult, personal background and other conditions innocence, he needs to pass the written test, psychological test and physical test (CPAT ). Among them, CPAT includes eight test items; ladders, dragging water bags, carrying equipment, lifting and extension ladders, forced entry, search, personnel rescue, breaking and dragging the ceiling. Only through these tests can candidates enter the internship phase and train in different functional departments. This does not mean that you have been hired. At the end of the training, candidates still need to pass the exam to qualify for a professional firefighter.

Among them, the disposal of dangerous goods requires the training of specialized dangerous goods technicians who, in addition to possessing fire fighting skills, also have the knowledge of chemists. In addition, dangerous goods technicians must train for the preparation and response of weapons of mass destruction.

The salary of American firefighters is considerable. The official website of the Fire Department revealed that the salary is 20 US dollars per hour . According to the statistics of FireLink website, the highest income area for firefighters is Aurora City, with an annual salary of 55,340 US dollars, equivalent to approximately RMB 354,000 yuan.

Volunteers who join the fire brigade are, to a greater extent, honors, but they will enjoy work compensation, health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, pension pension plans, and certain tax deductions. They may be given certain pensions or subsidies when participating in fire-fighting work. Volunteer firefighters and professional firefighters follow the same rules and training of the same intensity, but some regions may not require them to obtain professional certificates.

In addition, professional firefighters in the United States implement a shift system. Usually, they can get a 48- hour break after standing by for 24 hours . And they only need to work for 25 years to retire and enjoy the same retirement benefits as other industries, and even more.

However, firefighters are ultimately a career with a very high risk factor. Therefore, the US Fire Protection Association publishes an annual "US Firefighters' Casualty Accident Investigation", which analyzes the number and condition of casualties and focuses on investigating the causes of casualties to further improve them. Firefighting equipment and firefighter training methods.

The American fire protection system pays great attention to protecting young people. In times of danger, older and experienced firefighters are the main players. Young people are mostly engaged in supporting work to increase their experience.

American fire service

  【Japan】

Japanese firefighters are repeating the same thing for decades: how to save fire

In Japan, professional firefighters belong to civil servants of local governments. It is not easy to become such a civil servant. Professional firefighters must undergo rigorous physical and skill training and pass an exam to obtain a qualification certificate. However, such tests in Japan are very strict and very difficult. If there are firefighters who do not perform well in the future, their qualification certificates may still be withdrawn.

Similar to the United States, firefighters in Japan also implement a shift system. After 24 hours, firefighters can rest for two days and change every morning at eight in the morning. If there is no accident on the day, they usually meet, check equipment or conduct regular training.

Because Japanese firefighters are required to undergo vocational education ( 56 fire schools in Japan ), their salary is also linked to the level of diploma. According to a Yahoo Q&A data two years ago, the monthly salary of firefighters with a college diploma is 200,000 miles away, which is 10,280 yuan, and the monthly salary of firefighters who graduate from high school is 150,000 miles away. Not only 嗣癖 span 7,710 yuan. In addition to fixed salary, firefighters can also receive some subsidies in accordance with the number of times and time of deployment. The subsidy standard refers to the provisions of local regulations.

"The chemical explosion is not an ordinary firefighter can save, must be firefighters in the chemical industry to participate in the scene to participate in the rescue. According to the news published by the Chinese official, a large number of ordinary firefighters rushed to the scene, and from the photos They used a water spray, which ran off a taboo. In theory, in order to prevent firefighters from being harmed, firefighters should not be near chemical fire scenes.” Japanese media source Xu Jingbo cited Japanese firefighters to observe Tianjin The coastal explosion said.

He also mentioned: "According to Japan's Fire Protection Organization Law, Japan has a national "Fire University." There is a fire school in all prefectures and counties across the country (Japan has a total of 48 fire schools and fire schools). To develop commanding cadres, the subjects they set up are: Police and Prevention Division, Salvage Branch, Emergency Department, Defense Division, Critical Materials Division, Fire and Silk Beer (12) Chloro-encapsulated Cigarettes = Tanci Beer (5) Xiachao Brewery â‘¿ chlorine worm? Lay? / span> / school long Branch, long the new fire / fire school long Branch, Division head of fire (fire civil organizations). If this is a new team, to be used as 'early Renke Sheng', where all the road The prefectural public fire school accepts six months of professional training, and the learning and training include the use of various fire fighting equipment, fire-fighting training, life-saving training, emergency training, and physical training, etc. After passing the exam, they are dispatched to various fire stations as fire fighters. Therefore, firefighters in Japan started from the age of 20 and have been retired until they reach the age of 60. They repeat the same thing for several decades: how to save fire. Therefore, all of them can become professional fire fighters."

In addition, Japan also has a large number of volunteer firefighters, the proportion of which has declined year by year.

Japan Air Respirator

【United Kingdom】

The United Kingdom pays attention to fire education, and also emphasizes the upgrading and development of fire-fighting equipment .

As early as 1947 , the United Kingdom issued the "Fire Protection Law" and gradually improved it.

The United Kingdom does not set up a special fire management agency. Instead, it uses local self-government methods to provide gold, silver, and bronze fire control agencies in all counties and cities. Unlike the United States, Japan, and other countries that employ volunteer firefighters, the United Kingdom is a professional firefighter. This also ensures the rich experience and ability of British firefighters.

In order to train professional firefighters, Britain also attaches great importance to fire education and training. In the Second World War, Britain established the British Fire University. The Queen appointed the dean personally to train British fire officers and fire chiefs. It is also one of the most advanced fire-fighting training bases in the world. It is well-equipped, can simulate various types of disaster scenes, and focuses on actual combat. Therefore, it is well known in the world.

While paying attention to education, the United Kingdom also values ​​the upgrading of fire fighting equipment. For instance, the tail of the British fire truck is equipped with an automatic lift table, which makes transporting equipment very convenient. The firemen's fire helmets are also very special. Their helmets can withstand temperatures up to 1000 degrees Celsius while keeping the helmet's temperature below 35 degrees Celsius.

British fire helmet

【Germany】

Volunteer firefighters are the main force, dangerous by professional firefighters

The German fire department's equipment is relatively advanced and complete, and its equipment and technical means are compatible with the tasks undertaken by the team. The communications command is also very advanced. In addition to wireless and cable systems, there is a satellite positioning and command system. In addition to the fixed command center, there is a mobile command center. The mobile command center in Berlin and Hamburg has advanced equipment and complete functions. Once there are 3 squadrons deployed on the scene, they will use the on-site command of the mobile command center. The number of vehicles in the German city-professional fire station is generally about 15 vehicles, and most of them are medium-sized vehicles with high power and large capacity.

It is estimated that there are a total of 41400 fire engines in Germany (including pumps, water tanks, lighting and other vehicles), 2100 ladder trucks, 2000 ambulances (fire department), 37,000 hand lift pumps, 34000 rescue vehicles and 51 aircraft Helicopter.

One in 80 Germans is a volunteer firefighter, but they generally do not take too dangerous a rescue. Professional firefighters engaged directly in firefighting and special technical rescue are included in the civil service system. These professional firefighters are divided into technical firefighters, administrative firefighters and senior firefighters whose technical requirements are relatively high. Administrative level firefighters require a college degree or above, and require two years of training. Senior firefighters, such as fire chiefs, generally graduate with a bachelor's or master's degree from a professional fire school.

According to German law, cities with more than 80,000 people must have a professional fire brigade composed of professional firefighters, and dangerous fires also require volunteer firefighters to help. Each community in Germany has a volunteer firefighting team. Because it is unable to recruit enough professional firefighters, volunteer firefighters have become the main firefighting force in Germany. The average annual salary of German firefighters about $ 30,000 (about 186,000 yuan).

Germany Schubert F220 fire helmet

【Norway】

Why Oslo firefighters have no casualties in 70 years

The 70- year-old Oslo fire and rescue service bureau in Norway has become a myth. Apart from the incomparable factors such as low population density in Norway, their training of firefighters is the biggest reason for no casualties.

Or take the Oslo fire and rescue service bureau as an example. According to the introduction of the ceramic pot in the "International Watch", Oslo firefighters are professionals who have undergone rigorous screening. In order to take up posts, you must first overcome the following difficulties: After 3200 meters in 15 minutes , carrying 32 kilograms of weight on a treadmill for 8 minutes, doing at least 12 pull-ups... In addition to physical fitness testing, they also need to conduct theoretical examinations and physical examinations. , as well as a variety of response tests. Passing these does not mean that you can immediately take up the job. Those who pass the qualifications will also have to take 2 to 3 months of fire course study. After 10 months of training, they will become official fire fighters.

Also, Norway has fire fighting robots. In some dangerous environments, they can replace firefighters to join the scene, which greatly reduces the safety hazards of firefighters.

 
  【Finland】

Firefighters have to learn nine months in the hospital

As in the above countries, Finnish training for firefighters is equally stringent. In addition, Finnish firefighters also have to undergo a special training: they will enter the hospital to learn medical first aid knowledge and rapid first aid knowledge, which usually takes nine months.

More than ordinary firefighters, when Finland wants to train fire officers, they will send the candidates to the National Fire Fighting Trainee Training Center. There, courses and accommodation are free. This training will last for a year or so, 70% of which will be practiced. Some people have done statistics. In the past year or so, the trainees will use 805 hours to study how to fight fires, 140 hours to learn how to prevent fire, 175 hours to use communications technology equipment, and 665 hours to learn to rescue. Then use 210 hours to learn to maintain discipline.

Finland also implements a shift system of one day and two days of rest. However, it is located in high latitudes, and in order to take care of the firefighters, they will also be given a five- day compensatory holiday each month .

【Singapore】

Strict and common emergency measures

Singapore has established a set of emergency measures for possible disasters of chemical dangerous goods. The measure is actually a disposal procedure and common to all civil defense units.

The first thing to do is to investigate operations. Exploring operations is actually the detection of air. The order of investigation is: radiation, flammability, oxidation, and toxicity. After exploration, determine the hot zone ( high concentration zone ) , warm zone ( medium concentration zone ) , cold zone ( low concentration zone ) . The definition of hotspots is extremely high levels of pollution, adverse environmental impacts on health and even death, the need for special protection and the transfer of toxic substances; the definition of temperature zone is a moderate degree of pollution, a potential hot zone, and a certain risky impact on health. Basic protection is needed; cold zones are defined as low or no pollution. Contaminated areas have round, elliptical, key-type shapes. In the case of unexplained accidents, in accordance with the requirements of ensuring safety, the exploration team first uses the center of the accident as the center, and defines the accident area with a radius of 200m. Three corridors are set in the middle of the warm area to the edge of the cold area , and one corridor is provided. The personnel entered the hot area, and the adjacent corridor was the rescue personnel decontamination area, and the separated corridor was the contaminated personnel decontamination area. Action and protection personnel are required to wear heavy-duty chemical protective clothing, and personnel of the decontamination team are required to wear two-piece first-class protective clothing. The laying of two water brought to the scene to protect the operatives and rescue workers and contaminated personnel decontamination.

After the rescue teams arrive on the scene, they must make judgments and appropriate predictions on the dangers of the events, determine the types and applications of protective equipment, make disposal decisions, arrange disposal forces, delimit different regions, formulate protective measures for the public, and clearly Methods. At the same time, attention should be paid to observing the characteristics of the material and the state of the dangerous material container, grasping the meteorological conditions, checking the topography and the surrounding environment, and doing a good job of rescue work for rescue workers.

CDF has four fire stations, equipped with chemical decontamination vehicles and chemical disasters disposal truck, the vehicle has a "hazardous materials team" that disposal units, a total of 14 people, a captain, a vice-captain, 1 the name of the hot zone of action led by the head of each of 2 people two action group, a protection group, a control group leader, a group of air detectors 2, a group of decontamination 2 people. The captain is responsible for commanding and managing, judging, making decisions, proposing safety measures, and coordinating the entire operation. The vice captain assists the captain in his work, proposes job assignments, supervises the decontamination process and ensures the safety of personnel; the leader of the hot zone operation leader enters the hot zone. work to determine the accident substance, to the captain reported the operations of and listen to instructions, the team responsible for identifying incidents substance, judge the situation, inhibit or eliminate hazards to personnel rescue; protection group responsible for the protection and assistance to hot zone operations team, in 10 - 15m distance Shop 38mm caliber hose with flower spray spray gun to protect and shield the action team as an operational reserve team; control team leader grasps the time for personnel to enter the hot area; the decontamination team is responsible for establishing the decontamination area to start turning and helping the hot area team to wash away the pollution Thing, as a reserve player. The hot zone players will rest for 30-35 minutes and rest for half an hour. The second entry or multiple entry breaks will require 1 hour of rest . There will be only 4 admissions within 24 hours . The sleuthing officer and the control team leader rest for 1 hour every 4 hours of work . Decontamination team work 1 . 5 hours rest for 1 hour.

The chemical disaster disposal vehicle is a kind of special vehicle that uses containers to detect and detect, leak, protect, and recover waste liquids and other chemical disasters. The container can be loaded and unloaded by the vehicle's own device, and the design requirements are put forward by the civil defense forces. Made by the company. The chemical decontamination vehicle is equipped with a decontamination tent and a retractable tent is installed on the vehicle body. The shower head and the floor drain are installed in the vehicle, and part of the compartment can be turned into a decontamination device immediately.