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Agricultural chemical control has become an important part of modern agricultural production, but with the large-scale use of chemical pesticides, the problem of pest resistance is becoming more and more serious. In recent years, the number of pest-resistant populations has been increasing, and agricultural production has failed to prevent and cure because of the resistance of harmful organisms. Even the unacceptable incidents are not uncommon. Pesticide resistance has become an important factor affecting agricultural production, income and quality and safety of agricultural products. Since the middle of the 20th century, there have been numerous reports of large-scale outbreaks of pests that have caused massive losses in the human economy, and this has attracted more and more attention. With the increasing dependence of agricultural production on pesticides, the problem of pest resistance is naturally exposed, and it has become one of the important issues in the comprehensive management of pests.
The harmful effects of pest resistance are various, such as reducing the control effect of pesticides, causing crops to reduce production; increasing the use of pesticides, increasing the cost of agricultural production, increasing environmental pressure, and expanding the harm to beneficial organisms such as fish, shrimps and bees. , breaking the ecological balance of nature; causing poisoning of humans and animals; reducing the service life of pesticides. Therefore, the resistance of harmful organisms has become an important issue that cannot be ignored in the current prevention and control of agricultural pests. It is extremely urgent to address the resistance of pests.
First, how to prevent the emergence of pesticide resistance
(1) Adopting a rotation system. Within a certain number of years, different crops are planted in the same order in the same order. Reasonable rotation can not only effectively reduce the accumulation of crop pests and diseases, prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases , reduce the frequency and amount of pesticides used, prevent the production of pest resistance and pesticide pollution, but also improve the soil structure of cultivated layers. Maintaining ground power, increasing production and improving economic efficiency.
(2) Reduce the number of medications and the amount of medication. The amount of the drug directly affects the selection pressure of the pesticide on the pest. The dosage is small, the pressure is low, and the harmful organisms are not susceptible to drug resistance. The purpose of plant protection is to protect crops from loss or loss, rather than killing pests as much as possible. The victim crop has the ability to be resistant and compensated, and does not cause serious loss or deterioration in quality when the pest density is allowed. Therefore, pest control should have reasonable indicators, and do not see diseases such as diseases, insects, grasses and other harmful drugs. For example, when controlling pests, it is necessary to insist on checking the density of the insects, and then determine the prevention and control of the fields, check the progress of the pests, and determine the best prevention period. You can use the field without medicine, do not use medicine. In the field where the control index is reached, it is necessary to use the effective low dose when the pest is sensitive to the drug, and do not increase the dosage at will. Keep as many sensitive individuals and natural enemies as possible while keeping pests below economically acceptable density. Sensitive individuals can dilute the frequency of resistance genes, and natural enemies can eliminate some resistant individuals, which are beneficial to delay the emergence and development of pest resistance. At the same time, improve the application of drugs, improve spray uniformity and operating efficiency, reduce the amount of soil and sediment in the soil, and improve the precision of the application of drugs, by determining the presence or absence of targets, crop canopy size, plant pests and diseases and growth, etc. Features, and finally achieve on-demand spraying and other measures can greatly save the drug solution and reduce the amount of pesticide use while ensuring the effect of application.
(3) The use of synergistic compound pesticides. Japan has done a lot of work on synergistic compounding agents, both indoors and in field trials, which have proved that synergistic compounds are effective means of controlling resistant pests. Synergistic compound pesticides can directly kill resistant individuals, thus delaying the emergence and development of pest resistance. Compound pesticides are made by mixing two or more kinds of pesticides. Each of the pesticides used alone may not kill many pests, but their mixing effect will be greatly enhanced. . Of course, it is not possible to temporarily mix or arbitrarily mix, and the result of this is highly likely to cause antagonism, resulting in a decrease in efficacy and a more serious multi-resistance phenomenon for pests.
(4) Rotating insecticides with different mechanisms of action. Once a pest develops a higher degree of resistance, its resistance is generally not easy to disappear. However, when a pest has only a weak resistance to an agent, the resistance will decrease as long as the drug is stopped for a certain period of time. This is because the resistant individual has weak vitality. In the case of a large number of sensitive individuals, it is not a sensitive individual, and the dilution effect of sensitive individuals reduces the number of resistant individuals. This is actually an anti-selective effect. Therefore, when an agent is used until the harmful organism has weak resistance to the agent, it is necessary to switch to another agent having a different mechanism of action. The pesticide to be used may be a single agent or a compounding agent. Although there is no negative interaction between the varieties of pesticides being exchanged, one pesticide can kill pests against other pesticides. The more varieties that are used, the lower the frequency of the multi-anti-individuals in the pest population, and the anti-selection effect can effectively delay the emergence and development of drug resistance.
With the vigorous development of specialized defense and rule service organizations, it will be more conducive to delaying the emergence of pest resistance. Specialized and unified defense can not only solve the problem of one-house disease prevention and treatment, but also the key to ensuring the stable development of national food security and agricultural production, and it is also a key measure to achieve the use of pesticides to reduce the quality and safety of agricultural products and agricultural ecological security. It is also an objective need for plant protection, disaster prevention and mitigation to adapt to the transformation of agricultural production methods, the construction of a new agricultural management system, and the development of modern agriculture. Through the contracted service mode of pest control in the whole growth period of crops, it is possible to arrange rotations and use pesticides in a unified manner. By accurately forecast and achieve at the right time, using the appropriate dose, comprehensive pest control weeds, can effectively reduce chemical pesticide use, frequency of use, and then to delay the emergence of pest resistance.
Second, how to control pesticide resistance
(1) Switch to new pesticide varieties. After the pests develop resistance, switching to new pesticide varieties is the most effective and direct method. Switching to a new variety can solve the problem for a while, but if it is not used properly, the new variety will quickly lose its effect. In addition, the development of new pesticides is difficult and time-consuming, often failing to keep up with the speed of resistance development, and is costly and costly. Therefore, it is not an effective way to develop new pesticide varieties to solve the problem of resistance.
At the same time, the use of microbial and plant-derived pesticides as biological agents is also considered to be a viable way to address pest resistance, and there are some very successful precedents such as Bt, avermectin and nuclear polyhedrosis virus. However, the development of such insecticides is still not enough at present, and this method alone is far from solving the problem of pest resistance.
(2) Rational use of pesticide synergists and additives. The insect's instinct metabolism and excretion behavior can prevent the drug from accumulating in the body and reach the concentration threshold of poisoning, thereby exhibiting drug resistance, that is, producing drug resistance. In view of this phenomenon, in the process of pharmaceutical production and processing, an agent or a synergist can be added to promote the rapid reaching of the target, thereby improving the control effect of the drug and achieving the purpose of killing the resistant individual. Therefore, in the case of drug control of crop pests, an appropriate amount of additives and synergists can be added to the pesticide as one of the methods to solve the resistance of the pest.
(3) Using negative cross-resistance. Negative cross-resistance refers to a phenomenon in which a pest becomes resistant to one agent and becomes more sensitive to another. The combination or combination of two pesticides with negative cross-resistance can eliminate resistant individuals and is the most ideal agent for controlling resistant pests. However, there are few agents with negative cross-resistance, so attention should be paid to the discovery of pesticides with negative cross-resistance when using the agent, and then applied to the control of pest resistance.
Studying the counter-selective pressure of negative cross-resistance agents can effectively delay the generation of pest resistance in the field. Therefore, it is important to clarify the cross-resistance spectrum of resistant populations to guide the rational use of pesticides , the mixing of different biological pesticides , and predict the service life of different pesticides.
(4) Adjust crop layout and improve farming system. Some experts have tested the sensitivity of cotton bollworms to different host plants. The results showed that the sensitivity of cotton bollworms feeding on different host plants to deltamethrin was different. The order is: tomato > lentils > cotton buds > artificial feed > unknown host plants. Among them, the sensitivity to deltamethrin was the most sensitive and the difference was the weakest 162 times. It indicates that there is a certain relationship between host plants and cotton bollworms. Therefore, scholars believe that studying the resistance of host plants to insects can not only theoretically guide the formation mechanism and variation of pest resistance, but more importantly, people can rely on the host plant's resistance to pest resistance. , re-establish a comprehensive strategy for comprehensive drug resistance. Such as adjusting the crop layout, improving the farming system, reducing or eliminating the planting of strong resistance-inducing crops, interplanting or intercropping of host plants that enhance the sensitivity of pests to pesticides, and not controlling the pests, as a shelter for sensitive individuals. Thus, the resistant population on the crop is continuously diluted, so that the pest is always at a level that is relatively sensitive to the agent.
In summary, various control methods are organically combined to reduce the selection pressure of pesticides on pests, preserve sensitive individuals and natural enemies as much as possible, use the counter-selection of sensitive individuals, and produce pest resistance. Development can be delayed. And pay attention to the use of new pesticide varieties, the use of synergistic compound pesticides and the use of negative cross-resistance, can improve the effectiveness of chemical control.
Finally, among the problems caused by the use of pesticides, the emergence of drug resistance is a problem that cannot be ignored. It is precisely because of the increasing resistance to drugs that people continue to increase the amount of pesticides used, which directly or indirectly leads to other serious consequences. Therefore, in agricultural research, research and control of pest resistance is an extremely important basic work. Resistance management is not only the mixing of drugs, rotation or deactivation, the most important thing is to formulate a reasonable drug use plan, take reasonable use methods, must understand the development rules of important pest resistance, and establish accurate forecasting and forecasting technology. And the resistance risk analysis program and reasonable treatment methods reduce the resistance production from the source, so as to obtain the best economic, ecological and social benefits.
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