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Will you relax the capacity requirements next year? The answer is no.
The reason is that the National Development and Reform Commission believes that overcapacity in the fields of coal and steel is still serious. On November 9, at the press conference held by the National Development and Reform Commission, the inspector of the Price Department said that the current coal price is rising too fast. Under the condition that the long-term stable relationship between coal supply and demand has not changed fundamentally, several factors will be combined in the short term. the result of.
The day before, the National Development and Reform Commission presided over the inter-ministerial joint meeting on capacity, de-leverage and cost reduction. The meeting requested that the key tasks of de-capacity, deleveraging, and cost reduction be scientifically determined to determine the target tasks for de-capacity in 2017.
According to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the production capacity of steel and coal in the first nine months has completed more than 80% of the annual target tasks. According to the progress of local reports, as of the end of October, the task of removing 45 million tons of crude steel capacity has been completed this year. By the end of November, the task of removing 250 million tons of coal capacity will be completed nationwide.
According to the "13th Five-Year Plan" goal, the pressure on production capacity in the next four years is still very large. CITIC Jiantou coal industry analysts believe that the current task of de-capacity is still very heavy, the overall de-capacity policy will not change significantly, but will make some adjustments according to market conditions - such as the fourth quarter of this year temporarily relaxed "276 working days " Coal production restrictions.
Mission will not relax next year
The inter-ministerial joint meeting on capacity, de-leverage and cost reduction held on November 8 believed that this year's de-capacity has progressed well, key tasks have been accelerated, the industry's operational situation has improved, and the annual target tasks are expected to be completed ahead of time. In 2017, we will go to the capacity target task, and ensure that the target tasks will be successfully completed this year, and the high standards will be well planned and the next year's work will be completed.
The meeting stressed that focusing on the long-term development of the "13th Five-Year Plan" and promoting the supply-side structural reform as the fundamental way to promote stable and healthy economic development.
This means that the next stage of de-capacity work will still be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the 13th Five-Year Plan.
Previously, the state proposed to reduce the crude steel production capacity by 100-150 million tons in five years; in three to five years, it will withdraw about 500 million tons of production capacity and reduce the coal production capacity by about 500 million tons.
According to this calculation, although 250 million tons of coal de-capacity tasks have been completed this year, there are still 750 million tons of capacity that need to be eliminated or restructured. If it is divided into the next four years, it will be close to 200 million tons per year.
In terms of steel, the “13th Five-Year Plan†has about 110 million tons of capacity to be removed. After the next four years, it will need to remove 30 million tons of production capacity every year, which is only 10 million tons less than the 45 million tons of capacity that was removed this year. .
Wang Xiaoguang, a researcher at the Decision-Making Department of the National School of Administration, believes that the completion of the capacity-going task this year is the result of the combination of market de-capacity and government pressure-capacity. The next step is to consolidate the current de-capacity results. "To insist on capacity, I don't think there is no five-year effort to solve the problem," he said.
CITIC Jiantou coal industry analysts also agreed to continue to maintain the view of high-pressure capacity. "There will be a lot of coal-to-capacity tasks in the next year, so there will be no major changes in the requirements for completing the mission."
Execution or fine-tuning
Many experts interviewed said that although the goal of de-capacity is unchanged, if the price is skyrocketing, there will be some fine-tuning in the future implementation.
The recent rapid increase in coal and steel prices has indeed caused some concerns about de-capacity. The billet price in Tangshan area of ​​Hebei Province reached 2510 yuan/ton on November 9, and the 5,500 kcal coal in Qinhuangdao Port has exceeded 600 yuan/ton, which is more than 60% higher than the beginning of the year.
It is believed that there are many factors in the current increase in coal prices, such as the decline in coal production, the recovery of some demand, the tightness of railway transportation in the early period, and the expectation of changes in the market.
"Currently, the operation of the coal market is not standardized enough. Some market entities have a weak sense of contract. Some market entities take the opportunity to hoard and speculate. There are also some third-party service organizations that publish information that is not accurate and objective. These are further pushed up. The rise in coal prices." said.
Regarding the rapid increase in coal prices, the National Development and Reform Commission judged that the current fundamentals of coal supply are stable and do not support the irrational rise in coal prices. For example, by the end of last year, the total coal production capacity of the country was 5.7 billion tons, considering that nearly 300 million tons were removed this year, and there are 5.4 billion tons of production capacity. Among them, 600 million tons of production capacity through the reduction of production reserves has a strong regulation. elasticity.
Senior experts in the steel market believe that the price of steel has always been near the cost. Recently, due to the recent rapid rise in coal prices, the price of steel has risen, but the cost of coking coal is high and the profit rate of steel is decreasing. Therefore, the country still needs to speed up the pace of production.
According to the understanding, in the near future, in order to meet the rising demand for coal and steel prices, the supply of the market is increasing, and the production of coal and crude steel is also accelerating. Among them, the output of crude steel in September was 68.17 million tons, an increase of 3.9% year-on-year. It is 820 million tons, which is higher than last year's output. After increasing the daily output of 300,000 tons and 500,000 tons this year, coal will continue to increase productivity.
Researchers believe that if steel prices are still as high as they are today, they can adjust their efforts to de-capacity or use other methods to reduce capacity, such as increasing investment in environmental protection.
Screw heat treatment, we also call the screw hard. The screws are divided into iron and stainless steel screws. Iron is generally harder if it needs to be harder. All need to be hardened. But stainless steel screws rarely need to be hardened. Because its hardness is enough, it is hard enough. The iron heat treatment method for iron is described below.
First, the heat treatment method: different heat treatment methods can be selected according to the object and purpose.
Quenched and tempered steel: high temperature tempering after quenching (500-650 ° C)
Spring steel: medium temperature temper after quenching (420-520 °C)
Carburized steel: quenching after carburizing and then low temperature tempering (150-250 ° C)
After the low carbon and medium carbon (alloy) steels are quenched into martensite, the general rule is that the strength decreases and the plasticity and toughness increase as the tempering temperature increases. However, due to the different carbon content in low and medium carbon steels, the tempering temperature has different effects on them. Therefore, in order to obtain good comprehensive mechanical properties, the following approaches can be taken separately:
(1) Select low-carbon (alloy) steel, and after quenching, temper at a low temperature of 250 ° C or lower to obtain low-carbon martensite. In order to improve the surface wear resistance of such steels, only the carbon content of each surface layer is increased, that is, surface carburization is performed, which is generally called carburized structural steel.
(2) Adopt medium carbon steel with high carbon content, and temper at high temperature (500-650 °C) after quenching (so-called quenching and tempering treatment), so that it can maintain sufficient strength under high plasticity, generally called This type of steel is quenched and tempered steel. If you want to obtain high strength, but prefer to reduce plasticity and toughness, low-temperature tempering can be achieved for gold-containing tempering with lower carbon content, so that the so-called "ultra-high-strength steel" is obtained.
(3) Steel grades with carbon content between medium carbon and high carbon (such as 60, 70 steel) and some high carbon steel (such as 80, 90 steel), if used to manufacture springs, in order to ensure high elasticity At the limit, yield limit and fatigue limit, moderate temperature tempering after quenching is used.
Second, the operation process:
(1) Quenched and tempered steel:
1. Pre-heat treatment: normalizing->annealing (pearlite steel)->high temperature tempering (martensitic steel)
(1) The purpose of normalizing is to refine the grains, reduce the degree of banding in the structure, and adjust the hardness to facilitate mechanical processing. After normalizing, the steel has equiaxed fine grains.
2. Quenching: The steel body is heated to about 850 °C for quenching. The quenching medium can be selected according to the size of the steel and the hardenability of the steel. Generally, water or oil or even air quenching can be selected. The steel in the quenched state has low plasticity and large internal stress.
3. Tempering:
(1) In order to make the steel have high plasticity, toughness and appropriate strength, the steel is tempered at a high temperature of about 400-500 °C, and the steel which is sensitive to temper brittleness must be rapidly cooled after tempering to suppress tempering. Brittleness occurs.
(2) If the part is required to have a particularly high strength, it is tempered at about 200 ° C to obtain a medium carbon tempered martensite structure.
(2) Spring steel:
1. Quenching: oil quenching at 830-870 °C.
2. Tempering: tempering at about 420-520 °C to obtain tempered troostite structure.
(3) Carburizing steel:
1. Carburizing: A type of chemical heat treatment in which a C element is infiltrated into the surface of a steel member in an active medium containing a certain chemical element at a certain temperature. Partial preheating (850 ° C) carburizing (890 ° C) diffusion (840 ° C) process
2, quenching: carbon and low alloy carburizing steel, generally using direct quenching or one quenching.
3. Tempering: low temperature tempering to eliminate internal stress and improve the strength and toughness of the carburized layer. The tempering temperature of the middle teeth of our company is about 360 °C, and the self-drilling screws (wall plate nails) have a tempering temperature of about 200 °C, and then cooled to 34-35 ° C and 39-40 ° C respectively.
Screw hardening, screw heat treatment, general screw SMEs, there will be no self-heating factory of the enterprise. Generally, it is necessary to send it to a professional screw and hard factory. Therefore, our company that produces screws attaches great importance to the choice of heat treatment plants. To choose a reasonable price, the quality of the screw after heat treatment is high quality.
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Label: screw heat treatment method for different materials and screw hardening process
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