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Fullerenes and diamonds are allotropes of carbon and exhibit completely different physical properties. Russian researchers have recently discovered that fullerenes can form superhard carbon materials that are harder than diamond at high temperatures and pressures. This discovery has greatly promoted the development of new superhard carbon materials. 
By mimicking the structure based on fullerenes and single crystal diamonds, physicists have explored the mechanism by which this new material achieves ultra-high hardness. This finding made it possible to evaluate potential preparation conditions for superhard materials. The results were published in Carbon magazine. Fullerenes are typically molecular crystals with fullerene molecules at their lattice nodes. Fullerenes are a spherical allotrope formed by carbon. As early as 30 years ago, fullerenes were synthesized for the first time and won the Nobel Prize in one fell swoop. Spherical fullerenes can be assembled in a variety of ways, and the hardness of the material is largely determined by the way the fullerene molecules are assembled. Led by Professor Leonid Chernozatonskii of the Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FSBSI TISNCM, Moscow, Troitsk) and from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Skoltech, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS) and the Federation A group of scientists at the Institute of Superhard and New Carbon Materials Technology of the National Budget Science Institute tried to explain why fullerenes can be superhard materials. The physics and mathematics major, Alexander Kvashnin, the lead author of the article, said: "When we started discussing this idea, I was working at TISNCM. In 1998, a group of scientists led by Vladimir D. Blank acquired a new fullerene-based The material - super hard fullerene. The test results show that this new material can be characterized on diamond, that is, it is actually harder than diamond." In fact, the material obtained is not a single crystal, it contains Amorphous carbon and 3D-polymerized C60 molecules, but its crystal structure has not yet been fully determined. Fullerene molecules have excellent mechanical rigidity. At the same time, fullerene crystals are very soft materials under normal conditions, but can be a harder material than diamond under certain pressure (due to 3D polymerization). Although this material has been synthesized and studied for more than 20 years, it is still unknown why it has become a superhard material. One of the models was proposed by Professor Leonid A. Chernozatonskii, whose X-ray diffraction pattern is identical to the experimental data and has a bulk modulus several times higher than that of diamond. However, the relaxed structure of the model does not show its excellent properties. Alexander Kvashnin pointed out: "We have learned from the analysis and experiments of this model that if you apply more than 10 GPa to fullerene powder and the temperature is above 1800K, you can turn it into polycrystalline diamond. The idea is Combining these two facts. On the one hand, superhard fullerene materials, on the other hand, under certain pressure, fullerene is converted into polycrystalline diamond." Scientists speculate that under certain pressure a part of fullerenes is converted to Diamond, while the other part is still fullerenes, but the inside is a compressed diamond. To simplify the model, Professor Chernozatonskii proposed a fullerene crystal structure that replaces the internal single crystal diamond. The composite was subsequently studied, the idea being that the fullerene, which is internally diamond, can be compressed. We know that the elasticity and mechanical properties of the material will increase under compression. The diamond will act as a shell of fullerene that remains compressed and retains all properties. In this study, they first analyzed a 1 nm thick diamond shell containing a small model of 2.5 nm fullerene inside. However, this small model does not match the experimental data. Subsequently, the researchers began to model the composite, increasing the size of the fullerene to 15.8 nm when the thickness of the diamond shell was constant. The change in the X-ray diffraction spectrum indicates that the increase in the size of the fullerene makes the spectrum closer to the experimental data. After comparing the spectra, it is assumed that what is most likely to occur in the experiment is that when the model is treated with diamonds containing fullerenes, an amorphous carbon medium having a hydrostatically compressed fullerene inside has been obtained. Based on the calculated spectra, the new model is very consistent with the experimental data. Pavel Sorokin, Ph.D., Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics, said: "The developed model will help us understand the nature of this unique nature and help us systematically synthesize new superhard carbon materials and help drive this. Further developments in the future of science." Fullerenes are not themselves rigid and have a bulk modulus that is less than 1.5 times that of diamond. But when it is compressed, its bulk modulus increases rapidly. In order to maintain this enhanced bulk modulus, fullerenes should always remain in this compressed state. By using simulation results, scientists can obtain superhard materials through precise experiments.
By mimicking the structure based on fullerenes and single crystal diamonds, physicists have explored the mechanism by which this new material achieves ultra-high hardness. This finding made it possible to evaluate potential preparation conditions for superhard materials. The results were published in Carbon magazine. Fullerenes are typically molecular crystals with fullerene molecules at their lattice nodes. Fullerenes are a spherical allotrope formed by carbon. As early as 30 years ago, fullerenes were synthesized for the first time and won the Nobel Prize in one fell swoop. Spherical fullerenes can be assembled in a variety of ways, and the hardness of the material is largely determined by the way the fullerene molecules are assembled. Led by Professor Leonid Chernozatonskii of the Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FSBSI TISNCM, Moscow, Troitsk) and from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Skoltech, National University of Science and Technology (MISIS) and the Federation A group of scientists at the Institute of Superhard and New Carbon Materials Technology of the National Budget Science Institute tried to explain why fullerenes can be superhard materials. The physics and mathematics major, Alexander Kvashnin, the lead author of the article, said: "When we started discussing this idea, I was working at TISNCM. In 1998, a group of scientists led by Vladimir D. Blank acquired a new fullerene-based The material - super hard fullerene. The test results show that this new material can be characterized on diamond, that is, it is actually harder than diamond." In fact, the material obtained is not a single crystal, it contains Amorphous carbon and 3D-polymerized C60 molecules, but its crystal structure has not yet been fully determined. Fullerene molecules have excellent mechanical rigidity. At the same time, fullerene crystals are very soft materials under normal conditions, but can be a harder material than diamond under certain pressure (due to 3D polymerization). Although this material has been synthesized and studied for more than 20 years, it is still unknown why it has become a superhard material. One of the models was proposed by Professor Leonid A. Chernozatonskii, whose X-ray diffraction pattern is identical to the experimental data and has a bulk modulus several times higher than that of diamond. However, the relaxed structure of the model does not show its excellent properties. Alexander Kvashnin pointed out: "We have learned from the analysis and experiments of this model that if you apply more than 10 GPa to fullerene powder and the temperature is above 1800K, you can turn it into polycrystalline diamond. The idea is Combining these two facts. On the one hand, superhard fullerene materials, on the other hand, under certain pressure, fullerene is converted into polycrystalline diamond." Scientists speculate that under certain pressure a part of fullerenes is converted to Diamond, while the other part is still fullerenes, but the inside is a compressed diamond. To simplify the model, Professor Chernozatonskii proposed a fullerene crystal structure that replaces the internal single crystal diamond. The composite was subsequently studied, the idea being that the fullerene, which is internally diamond, can be compressed. We know that the elasticity and mechanical properties of the material will increase under compression. The diamond will act as a shell of fullerene that remains compressed and retains all properties. In this study, they first analyzed a 1 nm thick diamond shell containing a small model of 2.5 nm fullerene inside. However, this small model does not match the experimental data. Subsequently, the researchers began to model the composite, increasing the size of the fullerene to 15.8 nm when the thickness of the diamond shell was constant. The change in the X-ray diffraction spectrum indicates that the increase in the size of the fullerene makes the spectrum closer to the experimental data. After comparing the spectra, it is assumed that what is most likely to occur in the experiment is that when the model is treated with diamonds containing fullerenes, an amorphous carbon medium having a hydrostatically compressed fullerene inside has been obtained. Based on the calculated spectra, the new model is very consistent with the experimental data. Pavel Sorokin, Ph.D., Ph.D. in Physics and Mathematics, said: "The developed model will help us understand the nature of this unique nature and help us systematically synthesize new superhard carbon materials and help drive this. Further developments in the future of science." Fullerenes are not themselves rigid and have a bulk modulus that is less than 1.5 times that of diamond. But when it is compressed, its bulk modulus increases rapidly. In order to maintain this enhanced bulk modulus, fullerenes should always remain in this compressed state. By using simulation results, scientists can obtain superhard materials through precise experiments.Counter Flange with Accessories
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