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Feeds include soybeans, soybean meal, corn, starch, corn fiber skin, oil meal, fish meal, amino acids, miscellaneous meal, fermented bacterial protein, additives, whey powder, oil, meat and bone meal, cereals, etc. More than ten varieties of feed ingredients. Observe the shape, color, presence of mold, insects, lumps, foreign bodies, etc. Adulterated feed is generally finer, does not show the composition, darker or lighter color, often due to higher moisture content, resulting in deliquescence, mold, insects, lumps, sometimes mixed with large amounts of sand or a large amount of low-cost feed If the amount of shellfish in the batch material reaches 20%. If the above phenomenon is generally inferior feed.
Classification by component
In general, only plant feed is called feed. These feeds include grass, various grains, tubers, and roots. These feeds can be roughly divided into:
Feed containing a lot of starch
These feeds are mainly composed of grains, seeds and roots or tubers containing a large amount of starch. Such as a variety of cereals, potatoes, wheat and so on. These feeds provide energy primarily through polysaccharides and contain very little protein. They are suitable for ruminants, poultry and pigs, but feeds containing too much starch are not suitable for horses.
Oily feed (the content of nutrients in peanut cakes and clams varies with the amount of shells in the cakes and clams. The more shells there are, the lower the crude protein and the effective energy value of the cakes and clams. Peanut cake, the crude fiber content can reach 25%, can not be used as feed for monogastric animals such as pigs and chickens.
Peanut fruit contains trypsin inhibitor, heating can destroy the inhibitor, but too high temperature affects the utilization of protein. It is generally considered that the heating temperature reaches 120 ° C.
Peanut cakes and alfalfa are susceptible to aflatoxins and produce aflatoxins. There are many species of aflatoxins, of which the most toxic is aflatoxin B1. Cooking and dry heat are not effective in removing aflatoxin. Therefore, the aflatoxin content in peanut cake and wolfberry should be strictly tested. National health standards stipulate that the allowable amount should be less than 0.05 mg / kg.
Peanut cakes and alfalfa can be used for monogastric animals such as pigs and chickens, as well as ruminant livestock, which have good palatability. However, due to the poor amino acid composition and easy to stain aflatoxin, the feeding amount of peanut cake and alfalfa is limited. Peanut cakes and clams are good feeds for livestock. Even if they are infected with aflatoxin, they can be treated with ammonia to detoxify and feed the anti-animal animals (this method is not effective for monogastric animals).
These feeds consist of oily seeds (canola, soybeans, sunflowers, peanuts) and the like. The energy of these feeds is mainly derived from lipids, so their energy density is higher than that of starch-containing feeds. The protein content of these feeds is also relatively low. Since these oils are also used industrially, the popularity of such feeds is not high.
The slag remaining after industrial oiling still contains a relatively high oil content. Such slag can also be used as a feed, especially for ruminants, and is also widely used.
Green feed
The entire plant in these feeds is fed, such as grass, corn, grain, and the like. These feeds contain large amounts of carbohydrates, which are very nutritious. For example, grass contains mainly carbohydrates, protein 15 to 25%, while corn contains more starch (about 20-40%), while protein content is less than 10%. The green feed can be freshly fed, or it can be dried and stored for feeding. They are more suitable for ruminants, horses and waterfowl. Generally not used to feed pigs.
The green feed preserved after fermentation is called silage.
Other feed
In addition to the feeds described above, there are many other types of feeds that can come directly from nature (such as fishmeal) or industrial reproductions (such as fermented bacterial proteins, rice bran, distiller's grains, leftovers, etc.) for different livestock use. Different feeds, but especially ruminants apply to these feeds.
The design of the feed formula must first be based on the feeding standards (nutrition requirements) of different livestock and poultry for various nutrients, and secondly, the nutrients of a common feed. The nutrient indicators required by the feed standard should be expressed in the feed nutrition table.
blending method
There are many kinds of methods for dieting, such as: block method, simultaneous equation method, matrix method, trial and error method, and computer method (procedural method). Although sometimes the calculations for each method are confusing, if done correctly, the end result is close, that is, economically (lowest cost) provides an ideal ratio of the right nutrient balance and the formula to meet the required amount. But more important is to get the most net profit (net profit).
Formulation design
(1) When designing the feed formula, the feed is first divided into three categories, namely:
Energy feed: corn, corn fiber skin, citric acid residue, bran (secondary powder);
Protein feed: bean cake (粕), cotton kernel meal, rapeseed meal, fish meal, blood bone meal, etc.;
Mineral vitamin supplements: including phosphorus, calcium and amino acids or premixes.
Energy feeds generally account for 50-70% of pig and poultry formulas, protein feeds generally account for 20-35% (except for pregnant pigs), and mineral feed supplements are 3-12%. The proportion of the three types of feed varies with the breed and the stage of growth. The simplest formula is corn + bean cake (粕) + mineral premix (including health care) formula. However, the price is high and it is difficult for producers to adopt. If you want to reduce the cost of diet, you can use the cheap bran, the secondary powder to replace the corn, or replace the bean cake with the cotton kernel meal, rapeseed meal, etc., but keep the minimum energy concentration and crude protein. content. If the formula wants to add artificial amino acids to balance the amino acids in the diet, reduce the crude fiber protein by two percent units in the formula to reduce the use of more expensive protein feeds such as bean cakes, fish meal, etc. Thereby reducing costs.
(2) Non-fishmeal diet formula
Fishmeal is a good protein feed in livestock and poultry diets. It has high protein levels, high methionine content and good palatability. It is very popular among breeders.
However, since the price of fishmeal has been rising since the 1980s, the quality of imported fishmeal is scarce, and the quality of domestic fishmeal is unstable. The main problem is that the protein content is very different, the forged products are difficult to distinguish, and some fields are fed with mildew. Fishmeal causes muscle erosion or poisoning as well as salmonellosis, causing loss of unnecessary countries. Therefore, fishmeal is currently avoided in China and some major breeding farms.
The main source of protein for the preparation of fishmeal-free diets is the use of soy cakes (粕). For example, the use of bean (粕) to replace fishmeal should be noted:
1) The urease activity in bean cake (粕) should meet the feeding standard (<0.5).
2) Maintain the original level of protein in the formula.
3) Add methionine in an appropriate amount, and add lysine when necessary to make up for the deficiency of essential amino acids.
4), the whole price is lower than when using fishmeal.
(3) Preparing diet with available (effective) amino acids
As we all know, the protein nutrition of pigs is essentially the nutrition of amino acids. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the balance of amino acids in the preparation of diets. However, it is often found that other foods such as cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal are replaced by other protein content in the diet. The level of commonly used bean cake (粕) diet.
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