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After more than ten years of hard work, China's photovoltaic industry has reached a critical development period, and has formed a relatively complete manufacturing system. However, although the situation of “three heads outside†has improved in recent years, the application still relies mainly on international market demand. Therefore, under the current weak growth of international photovoltaic power generation market and intensified trade protection, the sustainable development of domestic PV industry has encountered great difficulties. How to promote China's photovoltaic industry out of the predicament? The author believes that only by actively cultivating the long-term application market of domestic photovoltaic power generation and finding a truly market-oriented development model can it provide the most basic support for the sustainable development and market development of the industry. The gestation process of the market There are two reasons for the rise of China's photovoltaic industry: first, the rapid development of photovoltaic applications in Germany and Europe, and second, China's comparative advantage as a major manufacturing country in the world. Ten years ago, a number of domestic private market capitals with sensitive sense of smell were driven by the demand of the international photovoltaic market to enter the field of photovoltaic manufacturing, and rapidly expanded by the wealth effect, making domestic PV production quickly occupy the world. The first position. However, when the domestic PV manufacturing industry has developed to a certain scale, it is difficult to continue to rely solely on the development model of the overseas application market. Therefore, the cultivation of the domestic application market has become increasingly urgent. In 2009, the relevant state departments successively issued two financial subsidy policies to promote photovoltaic applications in less than half a year. For the same industry to issue two financial subsidy documents, this is also rare in China's financial history. This shows that the country is also eager to cultivate the domestic PV market, not just to "make clothes for others." It is precisely with the support of national policies that the domestic PV application market has entered the fast lane of development. In 2010, the development of Europe, the world's major PV application market, entered its peak, with installed capacity accounting for 80% of the global total. However, due to the impact of the European debt crisis, major PV application markets in Europe, including Germany and Italy, have begun to significantly reduce PV installation subsidies, resulting in a rapid decline in global PV product prices. PV module prices have fallen by more than 50% so far. The amount is drastically reduced. Although China's PV module manufacturers have been in trouble, the rapid decline in prices has brought opportunities for the start of the domestic PV application market. In 2009, China's new PV installed capacity was 160,000 kilowatts, and in 2010 it was 500,000 kilowatts. As of the end of 2011, the cumulative domestic installed capacity of photovoltaic power reached 3 million kilowatts, an increase of 20.4 times compared with 2008, and the effect of fiscal subsidy policy is obvious. . However, the policy will not replace the market after all, and the more the projects that declare subsidies, the greater the burden on the central government. On July 24, 2011, the National Development and Reform Commission issued the "Notice on Improving the On-grid Price Policy for Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation", which was the first to introduce the national unified solar photovoltaic power generation benchmark price. However, the pricing power that should have been settled by the market is handled by the government. It also shows that the market-oriented mechanism of photovoltaic power generation has not yet formed. Therefore, the significance of the price of photovoltaic Internet access is not whether the price is reasonable, but that the domestic demand market is finally open. Developing bottlenecks The concept of photovoltaic power generation marketization is: through central financial subsidies - to promote market start - to guide social investment - to form a scale - to promote cost reduction - to achieve parity online - to form a real demand for society - - Enter a virtuous circle of the market. However, the current photovoltaic power generation still has no market price. The reason is that the photovoltaic electricity price is higher than the coal power price, and it is difficult to stimulate the social demand of photovoltaic power. Compared with coal power, the reason for the high photovoltaic power generation is that the cost of photovoltaic power is too high, and on the other hand, the price of coal power is unreasonable. However, the cost of photovoltaic power generation is falling rapidly, and the price of coal-fired power will not be reversed for a long time. One is declining and the other is rising. It is an inevitable trend that the competitiveness of the two will approach. With the scale of photovoltaic installations, it is estimated that the cost of photovoltaic power generation will drop to 0.80 yuan / kWh by 2015 and 0.60 yuan / kWh by 2020. The state financial subsidy is a key measure to establish a photovoltaic market, and it has a significant effect on starting the domestic market. However, whether it is the system cost initial subsidy or the on-grid tariff subsidy, at present, it has not contributed to the formation of a real market-oriented model for domestic photovoltaic power generation. First, let's look at the subsidy policy for PV demonstration projects. The intention of this policy is to form a market-oriented development through the demonstration project. Because the central government has no strength to bear all the funds needed for the development goals alone, it can only use some funds each year for some project subsidies to guide local finances, but this expectation is not satisfactory. What's the problem? Is the central financial subsidy too small? Or are investors and builders too chasing vested interests? It doesn't seem to be true. The problem still lies in the relationship between the central government and the local finance. If the local finance can be more active, and the central government will increase some subsidies to make the PV price higher, the effect of this policy may be better. The principle of project approval system for photovoltaic power station construction makes the local government's enthusiasm not high, making this policy more and more difficult. Second, look at the PV feed-in tariff subsidy policy. This policy is more subsidy than the demonstration project. The advantage is that it breaks through the limitation of the number of projects. As long as the photovoltaic power station generates electricity, it can get financial subsidies. Moreover, the state finance can compensate part of the fiscal expenditure by levying a renewable energy tariff surcharge on the nationwide sales. However, the effect of this idea is not satisfactory, because the price of 1 yuan per kWh makes investors lack enthusiasm. Furthermore, China's current power system has also constrained the market-oriented development of photovoltaic power generation. The PV on-grid price has been introduced, and the country has also subsidized PV prices. However, who will buy photovoltaic power? China stipulates that power grid companies are responsible for purchasing and selling electricity, but grid companies have doubts about photovoltaic power, and PV power plants need to be approved for electricity sales. As a result, photovoltaic power has no real demanders, social investment is inconsistent with the power system, and the state financial subsidies are also unsustainable. Therefore, the photovoltaic market in the breeding is in danger of falling short. The way out of the bottleneck is, in the final analysis, the essence of the problem of marketization of photovoltaic power generation is the problem of electricity demand. China has a large population and the economy is in a stage of rapid development. It consumes huge amounts of energy and faces enormous pressure from environmental protection. Photovoltaic power generation can not only meet the society's demand for electricity, but also meet the needs of economic development for environmental protection. Therefore, governments at all levels have the responsibility to implement the scientific concept of development, and grid companies have the responsibility to implement the Renewable Energy Law. It is even necessary for the state to incorporate photovoltaic power into the performance appraisal of local cadres and the mandatory quota policy for power grids. The marketization of photovoltaic power generation is also a business model for enterprises. Enterprises are the mainstay of the market, and the market is created by enterprises. PV companies should actively explore business models that are compatible with the actual power system. Industrial and commercial building photovoltaic system (optical building integration) is one of the most promising forms of photovoltaic power generation. why? Because: power consumption is mainly concentrated in the eastern and central cities; buildings as a carrier of photovoltaic power generation, using idle building parts, can save land resources; as the price of electricity continues to rise, the energy cost burden of industrial and commercial enterprises will become larger and larger; The most important thing is to develop photovoltaic power generation for industrial and commercial buildings, which can avoid the problem of selling electricity. For the purpose of saving electricity expenses, industrial and commercial enterprises should set the PV installed capacity reasonably according to their own power consumption, and the outlets can be directly connected to the output of the distribution box or the low-voltage side of the transformer. The construction of such a building photovoltaic system is small in scale and low in investment. In the long run, it is conducive to reducing product costs and can also form rental income in the future. The utility model is characterized in that the installation parts are diversified, the installation manner is diversified, the photovoltaic energy is mainly used for self-use, the system adopts the form of communication, no battery and grid connection, and the grid connection adopts a distributed, low-voltage end, user side and non-reverse flow manner. The marketization of photovoltaic power generation is still a deepening of institutional reform. China’s achievements today depend on the reform and opening up policy, but we are still in the primary stage of socialism, the market economic system is still very imperfect, and there is still much room for improvement. The deepening reform of the power system is one of them. . As the most suitable energy for distributed development, photovoltaic power generation has great significance for future energy security. The development of China's photovoltaic industry has reached a critical period. It is essential to establish a stable and stable domestic photovoltaic power generation application market, promote the market operation of photovoltaic power generation, and provide stable market support for the sustainable development of the industry. Therefore, PV companies should be brave enough to act as a "Xiaogang Village" in the past, and they must be brave enough to challenge the monopoly power system and push the industrial and commercial building photovoltaic system model deeper. In this way, the market-oriented development of domestic photovoltaic power generation will be just around the corner.
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