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Cleaning agents can be classified according to their chemical nature. An alkaline cleaner is used to remove corrosive dirt, and the quenched oil after heat treatment is considered to be effective for removal. The choice of emulsifier cleaning agent usually depends on the effectiveness of the next process. The oil film containing rust inhibitor can be retained on the fastener. Today, people are trying to find a pollution-free solvent that does not affect the environment and meet the high cleaning quality requirements. This is in line with the needs of competition in the low carbon economy market.
Alkaline cleaning agent
The alkaline cleaner is prepared by mixing a builder and an alkaline earth metal salt of a surfactant, and is the most widely used cleaning agent. The starting point for adding each salt and surface activity is mainly to ensure the cleaning effect, followed by economy. The pH of the cleaner is required to be around 7. The cleaning ingredients of such cleaners are hydroxides, silicates, carbonates, phosphates, borates and organic chelates.
Hydroxide provides the highest degree of alkalinity, is relatively inexpensive, and has sufficient alkalinity and conductivity for small additions, which is important for electrolytic cleaning and saponification. The disadvantage is that it is difficult to rinse, and the non-saponification washing effect of the dirt is poor. The pH of the 1% solution can reach 1.3. The alkaline cleaning solution can be used with sodium salt or potassium salt, which is mainly used for the cleaning of steel alloy fasteners.
Nitrate is formulated in large quantities in alkaline cleaners used under harsh conditions. Sodium orthosilicate and sodium carbonate are excellent accelerators. It is a good buffer at pH values ​​greater than 9, allowing dirt to remain in the suspension for high alkalinity. Sodium silicate is a commonly used silicate in metal cleaners. The addition of this material to alkaline cleaners mitigates the erosion of aluminum and zinc by cleaning agents. During the electrolytic cleaning process, the silicate leaves black rust on the surface of the steel fastener. In order to improve the versatility of the cleaning agent, various alkaline cleaning agents contain silicates. Provides high alkalinity without corrosion or minor corrosion of the steel base metal. The pH of the 1% solution can reach 12.3.
Phosphate is a low-cost source of alkalinity. It can also soften water to a certain extent. It is a weak cleaning agent and provides moderate alkalinity. Its main role in metal cleaning agents is to help achieve high fluidity. A viscous mixture. The most widely used carbonate species is sodium carbonate or soda ash. Because of its low price, there are more or less sodium carbonate in almost all formulations. The pH of the 1% solution was 11.3.
Borate is used as a rust preventive cleaner in the low pH range. 10 ml of borax was added to the 1% solution to have a pH of 9.2.
Sulfate is used as a filler, but some people prefer sodium carbonate because of its higher alkalinity.
Organic chelate compounds are used for the sequestration of magnesium and calcium ions and various heavy metal ions, and are used as substitutes for complex phosphates in the low and medium alkalinity range. Phosphate is prohibited in some areas because of environmental protection.
Alkaline cleaners contain builders and surface cleaners. The use of a builder alone does not achieve the desired decontamination effect and must be combined with a surfactant. Since the surfactant contains two separate components, one is soluble in oil and the other is soluble in water. It has the property of agglomerating on the surface and has the ability to penetrate the surface to prevent dirt from depositing and to reduce the tension on the surface of the solvent. Surfactants for alkaline cleaners are available in three types: nonionic, anionic and cationic.
Nonionic surfactants are widely used due to their functions. It is preferred to carry out the best purification ability, maximum oil solubility and maximum defoaming ability in different nonionic surfactants.
Anionic surfactants, negatively charged molecular microparticles are the most important and most important factor, and removal of grease is particularly effective. Nonionic and anionic types are often used in combination in the formulation.
The positively charged components of cationic surfactants are the most and most important. A cationic active cleaning agent is a cleaning agent and is generally used as a bactericide and a fiber softening agent.
2. Synthetic cleaning agent
Synthetic cleaners differ from standard alkaline cleaners in that they differ in chemical composition and are also an alkaline cleaner. Standard alkaline cleaners are essentially inorganic, while synthetic agents are organic agents containing amine-based materials. These products are designed to remove alkaline residues from single-stage cleaning and are also good rust inhibitors. Synthetic cleaners are used for moderately difficult cleaning, such as quenching oil or quenching polymer solutions on the surface of fasteners.
3. Acid cleaning agent
It is not an effective method to remove the general dirt on the metal fasteners with an acidic cleaner, and an alkaline cleaner is usually used. It is very effective to clean the special deposits such as oxide scale with acid. The most famous process is acid leaching. In addition to rolling, welding and heat-treating the oxide layer, surface oxides, rust and corrosion products that affect the quality of the plating or oil seal, as well as water-stained deposits, can be removed with acid. Commonly used are organic acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and citric acid, acetic acid, and the like. For the dephosphorization of high-strength fasteners prior to heat treatment, the first three cleaning processes are currently used, but hydrogen corrosion should be prevented. The acid agent should contain a base acid and a corrosion inhibitor to prevent erosion of the surface of the metal fastener, as well as a surfactant that enhances the scavenging ability.
4. Soluble emulsified cleaning agent
Soluble emulsifiers usually contain soil, solvents, emulsifiers, builders, corrosion inhibitors and small amounts of water. The role of water is to dissolve the emulsifier, which dissolves dirt on the surface of the fastener and also leaves a rust preventive film on the surface. The emulsifier and detergent can hold the grease particles and dissolve them in a detergent containing solvent and oil. The emulsified cleaning agent is a concentrated pure oil product. After it is diluted in water, it becomes a white milky liquid.
5. Detergent
The decontamination cleaning agent mainly contains a solvent, a surfactant, and water. Unlike emulsified cleaning agents, it is a pure solvent, not an emulsion. They are mainly used for the maintenance cleaning of equipment and fastener packaging.
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