Fast charging or not "battery killer"

Science Daily reported that a recent study conducted by Stanford University on the behavior of tiny particles in lithium battery electrodes showed that the rapid charging of the battery and then the use of high power and rapid power consumption may damage the battery, which may not be as bad as the researchers expected. The benefits of slow charging and power consumption may also be overstated. The results of this study challenge the prevailing view that the "supercharged" battery is more demanding than the slow charge electrode, as studied by researchers at Stanford University and the US Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory at Stanford University's Materials and Energy Science (SIMES). Said.

They also said that scientists may be able to change the battery electrode or change the charging method to promote a unified charging and discharging process, thereby extending battery life.

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"The details of the chemical processes that take place in the electrodes during charging and discharging are only one of the many factors that determine the battery life, but this factor has not been fully understood before this study," study senior author, Stanford University, Materials Science As explained by William Chueh, Assistant Professor of the School of Engineering and SIMES. “We have discovered a new perspective on the study of cell aging.” These findings can be directly applied to the oxide and graphite electrodes used in many modern commercial lithium batteries.

The study was published in the September 14 issue of Natural Materials. The research team also includes research collaborators from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, USA, the Samsung Institute of Advanced Technology, Korea, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

Observe the ions in the cell

An important reason for battery loss is that the positive and negative electrodes expand and contract themselves when they absorb and release ions in the electrolyte during charging and discharging. In this study, scientists studied positive electrodes consisting of billions of lithium iron phosphate nanoparticles. If most or all of the ions are actively involved in the charge and discharge processes, they will relatively uniformly absorb and release ions. However, if only a small fraction of the particles absorb all the ions, they are more likely to be broken and damaged, reducing the battery life.

The characteristics and behavior of nanoparticles have produced conflicting views with previous research. To investigate the truth further, the researchers fabricated small coin cells that used different currents to charge them for varying periods of time, then quickly separated them and rinsed the components to prevent the charge/discharge process. The scientists then cut the electrodes into very thin pieces and sent them to the Berkeley National Laboratory using the dense X-rays of the Advanced Light Source Synchrotron.

New insights for rapid discharge

“We can study thousands of electrode nanoparticles at a time and take snapshots of different stages in the charge and discharge process,” said research lead author Yi Yang Li, a graduate student at Stanford University. "This study is the first detailed and comprehensive investigation of the charging and discharging process under different charging and discharging conditions."

Using data from a mature model developed at MIT, the researchers found that only a small fraction of nanoparticles absorb and release ions during the charging process, even though the process occurs very rapidly. But when the battery discharges, an interesting thing happens: As the discharge rate increases beyond a certain limit, more and more particles start to absorb ions synchronously, turning into a more uniform and less damaging mode. This shows that scientists may be able to distort the electrode material or this process to ensure longer battery life, or faster charge and discharge rates.

According to Li, the next step is to run the battery electrodes in hundreds or even thousands of cycles to simulate the real world. Scientists want to be able to take snapshots of the battery during charging and discharging, rather than interrupting the process and separating the battery components. This should produce more realistic insights, and this process can be performed in a synchrotron, such as an ALS or SLAC Stanford synchrotron radiation source. Li also said that the current research team is working closely with industry to investigate how these findings will be used in the transportation and consumer electronics sectors.

This research was supported by the Global Innovation and Development Project of the Samsung Institute of Advanced Technology, Korea, the Stanford School of Engineering and the Precote Energy Institute, the Samsung-MIT Energy Materials Design Project, and the U.S. Department of Energy’s financial support.

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