Fertilization type and fertilization method for pollution-free fruit

The correct use of fruit tree fertilizer is one of the key links in the production of pollution-free fruit. Last year, the Ministry of Agriculture promulgated the national agricultural industry standards, the production of green food (fruit) guidelines for the use of fertilizers also made a clear requirement that the principle of fertilizer to organic fertilizer, fertilizer for the auxiliary, maintain or increase soil fertility and soil Microbial activity, while the fertilizer used should not adversely affect the orchard environment and fruit quality. It is combined with the implementation of standards and fruit production demand for fertilizer, fruit tree fertilizer elaborate on its use. I. Types of fertilizers (1) Types of fertilizers allowed to be used 1. Farmhouse fertilizers: Farmhouse fertilizers refer to various organic fertilizers used locally and locally. It is made up of a large amount of biological substances, animal and plant residues, excreta and biological waste. It is rich in organic matter and humus and various macro and micro elements required for fruit trees. It also contains hormones, vitamins and antibiotics. . Which include compost, compost, manure, biogas fertilizer, green manure, crop residues fertilizer, NiFei Cake and the like. 2. Commodity Fertilizer: Commodity fertilizer refers to fertilizer that is regulated by the national fertilizer department and sold in the form of commodities according to national regulations. Including commercial organic fertilizer, humic acid fertilizer, microbial fertilizer, organic fertilizer, inorganic (mineral) and foliar fertilizer and the like. It is mainly processed into organic fertilizers using animal and plant residues, excreta, other biological wastes, and phytosanitary materials , or mineral fertilizers in the form of inorganic salts in the physical or chemical industry. 3, other fertilizers: means made of non-toxic substances in food, organic by-products of the textile industry, as well as bone meal, waste glue residue, amino acid residue, livestock and poultry processing waste, sugar refinery waste and other organic matter, the registration allowed by the agricultural sector fertilizer. (2) Fertilizers that are prohibited from use 1. Urban garbage that has not been harmlessly treated or garbage containing metals, rubber and harmful substances; 2. Nitrate nitrogen fertilizer and unfertilized human excrement; 3. Fertilizer products that are not approved for registration . Second, the fertilization method (a) early application of multi-application base fertilizer At present, most orchards have less than 1% organic matter, and some orchards are even below 0.5%, which is far from the requirements of high-quality and high-yield gardens. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the amount of base fertilizer. If both the growth of the tree and the improvement of the soil are taken into consideration, the application rate of the organic fertilizer should be based on the standard of 2-3 kg of fertilizer per catty. Therefore, a medium-sized orchard with a yield of 1,500 kg per mu, the amount of organic fertilizer should not be less than 3,000 kg. The most suitable period for applying the base fertilizer is before and after fruit picking, and the weak trees are harvested before harvesting. Followed by the spring flower spikes just after the hair. In the arid or waterless orchard in the mountainous area, the base fertilizer cannot be immediately irrigated after application of the base fertilizer, so the base fertilizer can also be applied during the rainy season. However, organic fertilizer must be a fully decomposed fertilizer, the rate of fertilization should be fast, and attention should be paid not to damage the roots. When the organic fertilizer source is insufficient, on the one hand, straw weeds can be used as a supplement and organic fertilizer. On the other hand, the limited organic fertilizer should follow the principle of ensuring local and ensuring the concentrated distribution of roots. To give full play to the fertilizer effect of organic fertilizer. Concentrated hole application is to dig deep into the hole from the edge of the canopy 50 cm, 30-40 cm in diameter , the number depends on the amount of fertilizer, and then mix the organic fertilizer with the soil 1:3 or add some straw, fill Water in the hole. In addition, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, even zinc fertilizers and iron fertilizers, can be mixed with organic fertilizers to increase their utilization. (2) Reasonable topdressing 1. Appropriate topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer: Nitrogen is the basis for the growth and fruiting of fruit trees. Increasing the application of nitrogen fertilizer within a certain limit can significantly improve the photosynthetic performance of leaves and enhance tree potential and yield. But over the limit easily cause foliage flourishing, it is difficult to take down fruit quality. Moreover, after a large amount of nitrogen application (usually after the fertilizer is filled with large water), the absorption capacity of the root system is limited, and the excess nutrients will be leached and lost, resulting in great waste of fertilizer, and even a large amount of application will cause fat damage. Therefore, while emphasizing the increased investment in the orchard, we must also consider the needs of the tree and the benefits of fertilization, and we must not blindly invest heavily. The appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be determined according to the fertility of the soil, the ability to maintain fertilizer and the type of tree. Generally, the tree is 1-2 years, and each plant can be chased with urea 50-100 g, 3-4 years old tree 150-200 g. The tree body after 5-6 years, generally no more than 15 kg of urea per mu per fertilizer , and the annual urea dosage per mu is about 30-45 kg. 2, due to the pursuit of nitrogen: in the absence of organic matter, the appropriate pursuit of rapid-acting nitrogen fertilizer, can significantly improve the photosynthetic performance of the leaves, thereby increasing the accumulation of photosynthetic products in the tree, played a "nitrogen to increase carbon" The role. The accumulation of photosynthetic products in turn promotes the growth of roots and enhances the absorption capacity of roots. The thin tree is thin and the flower buds are difficult to form, which are related to the carbon and nitrogen metabolism levels of the plants. Therefore, an appropriate increase in the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, nitrogen to increase carbon, nitrogen fertilizer open circuit is an effective measure to form a yield of thin orchard and strong trees. Different methods of nitrogen recovery in different soils are also different. Fertilizers begin to take effect in 10-15 days after spring nitrogen dressing. Generally, summer is 5-7 days, and autumn is between the two, which is mainly related to soil organic matter level and adsorption capacity. After 20 days of general topdressing (high temperature season), the fertilizer effect is not very significant. Low organic matter content, and fertilizer to poor mountain barren sand, nutrient loss with severe water washout, fertilizer shorter period, and often in July - Deals soil nitrogen and August rainy season. Therefore, the topdressing of the mountain sand should be applied in a small amount, so that the nutrient in the water can penetrate into the concentrated distribution layer of the root system. After the rainy season, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be applied to compensate for the leaching loss. On soils with higher salinity, when the pH value is above 7.5 , the available phosphorus content in the soil is generally low. Because of the lack of phosphorus, the fruit trees are often difficult to form flowers. Or top dressing is indispensable for early fruit yield, and the application of phosphate fertilizer in the soil is easy to fix. Therefore, it is best to mix it with high-quality organic fertilizer rich in nutrients. 3, due to tree top dressing: After the fruit tree roots absorb nutrients, nutrient distribution restricted Nutrition Centers, which are shipped to metabolize nutrients priority to the most active part of the site, and further promote the growth and development of this site. For example, when the new shoots are long, the fertilizers will enter the prosthetic parts of the new shoots, and further promote the prolongation. After the shoots are stopped, the central advantage of the prolonged parts is weakened or disappeared, and the difference in the nutrients entering the organs is reduced. The distribution is more balanced, and the weaker parts of the canopy (such as short branches) have a relatively larger auxiliary effect, which is conducive to the differentiation of buds. Therefore, the growth of the tree is different, the amount of flowers and fruits is different, and the purpose of fertilization is different. Therefore, the period of fertilization should not be the same, and the fertilization must be combined with the type of plant. Weakly growing trees, including “small old trees”, in order to strengthen the growth of branches and leaves, we should focus on the supply of nutrients when the new shoots are long, preferably before the germination, the early and long-term topdressing of the new shoots, the topdressing combined with irrigation, and promote new The shoot grows, making the weak branches stronger. Trees that grow vigorously and have little or no fruit, in order to alleviate the excessive growth of branches and leaves, promote the differentiation of shoots, should avoid the long-term, and after the new shoots stop long after the topdressing. The type of fertilization should also be adjusted due to the tree structure. Practice has proved that nitrogen fertilizer helps the growth of branches and leaves, and weak nitrogen shoots use more nitrogen fertilizer. P and K, excessive growth of a moderating effect on the result of excessive growth tree should not increase the amount of P and K appropriately reduced nitrogen fertilizer. It is best to apply the top dressing to the tree tray, immediately slash it gently, mix the fertilizer, and then water it. When the tree is covered with grass, it can be applied directly to the grass and then washed down with water; or the corner of the grass can be sprinkled on the soil surface, then watered and washed, and then the grass can be covered. (3) External fertilization The topdressing of the roots of the fruit trees is to directly spray the fertilizer on the upper branches and leaves of the tree, which can make up for the lack of root absorption or as an emergency measure. The external spray fertilizer is not affected by factors such as the number of new roots and soil physical and chemical properties, and directly enters the branches and leaves, which is beneficial to change the nutrient status of the trees more quickly. And the root outside the dressing, the distribution of nutrients center of unrestricted growth, balanced distribution, in favor of easing tree vigor and vulnerable parts of the pro-strong. In addition, the external top dressing is also commonly used for the correction of elemental deficiency factors such as zinc, iron, boron and the application of compound fertilizer . However, the external spray fertilizer can not replace the rhizosphere fertilizer. The two have their own characteristics and should complement each other. After 10-15 days after root spray application, the response of the leaves to fertilizer elements is most obvious, and then gradually decreases, and disappears on the 25th to 30th day. Therefore, if you want to play a role in a critical period, 15 days in this period. One continuous spraying. After the harvest in autumn, the flower and fruit development period in spring and summer is two important periods of root-shooting and spraying. It will promote the development of flower organs , high fruit setting rate and short branches. In addition, the correction of elemental deficiency factors such as zinc and boron should also pay attention to the two key periods of autumn and early spring. The effect of these two stages of fertilizer correction is generally better than that of the growing season.

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