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In recent years, with the development of the rural economy in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the peasants' mass production, lifestyle and consumption concepts have changed, and crop stalks have evolved from indispensable resources into wastes that hinder the normal production and life of peasants.
0. Foreword In recent years, with the development of the rural economy in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the peasants' mass production, lifestyle and consumption concepts have changed, and crop straw has gradually evolved from an indispensable resource into an obsolescence that hinders the normal production and life of the peasants. The environmental and safety problems brought about by the burning of straw in open air have become increasingly prominent, and the subsequent ban on burning straw has also been placed on the agenda of governments at all levels. Although governments at all levels have invested the most human, material and financial resources, the convergence has been minimal, and the phenomenon of open burning of straw has been repeatedly banned, and a few places have become increasingly fierce. To fundamentally solve the problem of open burning straw, we must first analyze the reasons for the conversion of straw from resources into waste, and adopt comprehensive utilization measures in a targeted manner to solve the problem of straw burning according to local conditions.
1. Harm of straw open burning The open burning of straw pollutes the atmosphere and wastes resources, affecting and interfering with the normal life and social economic order of the broad masses of the people, and creating new security risks. Has caused great public concern. The hazards of straw open burning are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1.1 Harmful air environment, endangering human health When burning straw, a large amount of dust, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide inhalable particulate matter will be released. The concentration of sulfur dioxide in the flue-cured tobacco produced by straw incineration is twice as high as that of normal human, and the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and inhalable particulate matter is three times higher. When the concentration of inhalable particulate matter reaches a certain level, it will blink. Organs with mucous membranes such as nose and throat produce greater irritation, which can cause cough, chest tightness, and tearing. In severe cases, bronchitis may occur.
1.2 Fires, threatening the lives and property of the people. Straw burning, it is easy to ignite the surrounding flammable materials, especially in the vicinity of villages, trees and telephone poles. Every year, there are reports of fires caused by burning straw.
1.3 Cause traffic accidents, affecting road traffic and aviation safety.
The smog formed by burning straw causes the visibility of air to drop, directly affecting the normal operation of civil aviation, railways and highways, easily causing traffic accidents and affecting personal safety. The airport is deeply affected by the open burning of straw during the crop harvesting season. Sometimes the visibility of the airport is less than 400 meters, which seriously affects the normal take-off and landing of airport flights. Airlines and passengers have a strong reaction. Once an accident occurs, it will cause extremely bad. social influence.
1.4 Destroy the soil structure, resulting in a decline in the quality of cultivated land. Incineration of straw will cause the ground temperature to rise sharply, disperse the water, directly burn and kill the beneficial microorganisms in the soil, affecting the full absorption of soil nutrients by crops, directly affecting the yield of crops and Quality affects agricultural income.
1.5 Destroying the rural landscape environment The rolling smoke and the scorched earth formed by burning straw are the biggest damage to the environmental image of a region.
1.6 Waste of a large amount of resources China produces 600 million tons of straw per year, equivalent to more than 3 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer, more than 7 million tons of potash fertilizer, and more than 700,000 tons of phosphate fertilizer. After the straw is incinerated, only a small amount of plant ash containing potassium and phosphorus remains, and almost all organic matter and strontium elements become pollutants discharged into the atmosphere, causing great waste of resources.
2. Analysis of the reasons why straw has evolved from waste to waste In China's traditional agricultural production system, straw has been used as a fuel for farmers, as well as for returning organic matter and feed for herbivorous livestock, with little waste. After the rural household-to-house contract responsibility system, the rural economy has developed rapidly, and the production and lifestyle of the peasants have undergone fundamental changes. The peasants’ demand for and dependence on straw has gradually decreased, eventually becoming an indispensable resource. Wastes that hinder the normal production and life of the peasants. The reason for this is to have the following aspects:
2.1 With the development of the rural economy and the improvement of the living standards of the peasants, the peasants’ daily life and energy use has gradually shifted from relying entirely on straw to clean energy such as electric energy, petroleum liquefied petroleum gas and solar energy. The relatively developed regions have completed the abandonment of straw. Complete clean energy that relies on convenience and hygiene. This is the main reason why the amount of straw is changed to waste.
2.2 A large number of labor transfer, farmers go out to play, resulting in the lack of rural youth labor, agriculture is more than the farming, fertilizer-based, mechanical operations-based "lazy farming", the use of straw as raw material to produce organic fertilizer has dropped significantly, households as a unit The cultivation of herbivorous livestock and the cultivation of edible fungi have been drastically reduced, and the amount of digestive straw has been greatly reduced by comprehensive utilization. Due to the lack of young and strong labor, the increase of rural labor costs, the collection of transshipment straws, the lack of economically viable labor is difficult to implement. In addition, the transfer of labor and labor has led to a decline in the actual living population in rural areas. Even in economically underdeveloped areas, the demand for straw for farmers' living needs has also decreased.
2.3 The increase in the level of agricultural cultivation has led to an increase in the amount of straw produced as the crops increase.
2.4 Most of the agricultural machinery currently used for straw returning is small machinery, the amount of straw returned to the field is small, and the effect is poor. The rural lack of human-type agricultural machinery suitable for the total amount of straw returned to the field. In addition, due to the contracting of ten places to the household, the land division is generally too small, large-scale agricultural machinery is difficult to operate in the field, low efficiency, high cost, and low acceptance by farmers.
2.5 Farmers have misunderstandings about straw returning and burning. Straw returning to the field is mostly small machinery returning to the field, the straw is shallow and shallow, and has a certain impact on the planting and planting of the post-ripe crops. After the straw is returned to the field, the stage of decomposing needs to consume a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and some of the gas is released. The early stage of the production of post-ripe crops generally requires large amounts of fertilizer and poor growth performance. In addition, the straw after decomposing is a slow-acting fertilizer, and its fertilizer efficiency can only be manifested in the late stage of post-ripening crop production and long-ripening crops. Fertility effect.
In addition, straw burning in the straw of organic phosphorus and potassium nutrients into a quick-acting phosphorus and potassium element in the grass ash, due to the general lack of phosphorus and potassium in the soil in most parts of China, after burning straw, the amount of grass ash left in the farmland Among them, the post-ripe crops showed good growth due to the rapid replenishment of some quick-acting phosphorus and potassium nutrients, and the growth was obviously better than that of Zhu burned straw.
Due to the above two reasons, many farmers have mistakenly believe that the cost of straw returning to the field is high, which is not conducive to the production of post-ripe crops, and consumes a large amount of chemical fertilizer; burning straw is simple and easy, and the fertilizer effect is obvious. Therefore, the enthusiasm of straw returning is not high. .
There is a large surplus of straw, the urgency of rushing crops under the mature crops, the shortage of labor during the busy season, the uneconomicality of straw collection and transportation, the limitation of the whole working conditions of ploughing and returning to the fields, the ease of open burning, and the amount of straw The main reason for open burning.
3. Comprehensive utilization is the key to solving the problem of open burning of straws. It is necessary to solve the problem of open burning of straws. It is necessary to unblock and combine the main factors. Only by solving the problem of straw outlets, the problem of open burning can be solved fundamentally. effective. In recent years, a large number of typical experiences of straw utilization have emerged throughout the country, and many typical experiences have also been promoted and applied to varying degrees. However, in order to fundamentally solve the problem of open burning of straw, it is necessary to take a comprehensive approach. I believe that the establishment of a straw comprehensive utilization system centered on straw returning is an effective way to eliminate pollution, maintain agro-ecological balance, and implement sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas. Specifically, the large amount of straw is directly returned to the field, and the local conditions are combined with local agricultural production characteristics, and the comprehensive utilization measures of indirect returning to the field after comprehensive utilization of straw are implemented.
3.1 A large amount of straw directly returned to the field The organic matter content of cultivated land in China is generally low. Especially after the implementation of the contract responsibility system in the past 30 years, the application rate of organic fertilizer decreases year by year, the tillage layer becomes shallow, the soil compaction, the organic matter content decreases, the fertilizer dosage increases, and the crops Increasing pests and diseases, the decline of crystal quality in agricultural products, and the rise of agriculture have become an indisputable fact. Straw is the main direct or indirect organic fertilizer source for soil.
A large amount of straw is directly returned to the field, and it is relatively easy to use rice under mechanized working conditions. Straw directly returned to the field should start from the following aspects:
3.1.1 Legislative provisions. Cultivated land is a national resource, and ten soil fertility is an important indicator to measure the quality of cultivated land. The state will contract ten land to farmers for farming, and farmers have the responsibility to protect the quality of the resources of the ten regions. Through legislative forms, such as the "Stalks Returning to the Field Law" or the "Land Fertility Protection Law" and other professional laws and regulations, the straw will be forced to return to the field to ensure that the soil organic matter is stable and legalized during the contracting period, and the farmers' awareness of protecting the quality of cultivated land is strengthened.
3.1.2 Increase the intensity of land transfer, expand the scale of agricultural planting, and provide basic conditions for field operations of human-type agricultural machinery. Due to the distribution of farmland to households, after the contracted operation, the cultivated land plots are generally small after being divided, which is not convenient for field operations of large-scale ploughing agricultural machinery. Increase the intensity of the circulation of the ten places, and concentrate the land into large-scale farming and farming experts, and provide conditions for the implementation of human-type agricultural machinery straw deep-turning to the field.
3.1.3 Join the subsidy for the purchase and use of large agricultural machinery. In recent years, all provinces and cities have successively subsidized the purchase and use of large-scale agricultural machinery. However, due to the short-term use of these agricultural machinery due to seasonal reasons, the utilization rate is low, and the enthusiasm of the agricultural machinery is not high. Although the subsidy amount is not low, the effect is not obvious. It is recommended that on the one hand, the access conditions for ploughing machinery should be specified, and that the ploughing machinery with the corresponding straw returning capacity must be allowed to permit sales and import operations: on the other hand, the state will provide one-time subsidies for the purchase of such machinery by agricultural machinery. Encourage the same as the harvester cross-regional operation, improve the utilization rate of machinery and the income of agricultural operators; on the other hand, the current grain subsidy will be appropriately raised, and the subsidy will be linked to whether the straw is turned over and returned to the field.
3.1.4 Increase the promotion of biological bacteria decomposing agents. Catalyzing the rapid maturity of straw, reducing the direct impact of straw manure on the growth of crops in the current season.
3.1.5 Intensify the examination and supervision, strengthen the responsibility of grassroots towns and villages in the work of returning straw to the field, formulate various effective supervision and evaluation responsibility systems, gradually change the production concept of the peasants, and gradually develop straw returning fields. habit.
After a large amount of straw is returned to the field for a long time, it is beneficial to improve the soil layer structure, optimize the soil microbial community, accelerate the natural maturity of straw, improve the soil's own continuous nitrogen supply capacity, and the strong demand for nitrogen fertilizer and the inhibition of crop growth in the early stage of returning to the field. Will be significantly relieved.
3.2 After the comprehensive utilization of straw, the indirect returning straw will be fertilized by biogas, fed with herbivorous livestock, and cultivated with edible fungi, which can effectively increase farmers' income and reduce the maturity process of straw directly returning to the field. The waste is directly used as high quality organic matter. field.
3.2.1 Encourage farmers to build biogas digesters. It is neither convenient nor hygienic to directly cook rice with straw. The farmers with better economic conditions have switched to electric energy and petroleum liquefied gas. Encourage farmers to build biogas digesters, and the biogas produced by the fermentation of straw into biogas digesters can be used directly for farmers to cook rice, boil water, and stir-fry. It saves the cost of living, saves non-renewable petrochemical resources, solves some of the problems of straw export, and also builds a large number of high-quality quick-acting organic fertilizers for farmland. The following aspects should be paid attention to in promoting biogas digesters: First, strengthen publicity and training, establish biogas technical service stations in towns and towns, and provide relevant technical services for farmers. Improve the scientific management of farmers using biogas digesters to ensure safe and normal operation. The second is to equip with appropriate amount of biogas fertilizer to pump vehicles. Through market-oriented operation, farmers are encouraged to regularly transport and transport biogas fertilizer directly to the field to solve the problem of difficult discharge. Third, continue to adhere to the existing subsidy policy for farmers to build biogas digesters. , the policy will be put in place and the subsidy standards will be appropriately raised under possible conditions.
In the rural market towns, the market-oriented operation can be mainly used, and the government appropriate subsidies to build a centralized gas supply system for large-scale biogas digesters, and provide the residents of the towns with high-quality and low-cost biogas supply services.
3.2.2 Develop herbivorous livestock farming. Straw is the main feed for herbivorous livestock such as goats, dairy cows and vegetable cattle. After pretreatment by ammoniation, straw can become a delicious feed for herbivorous livestock, and can develop herbivorous livestock breeding through firepower, and gradually improve the farming food family in China. Livestock and poultry-based aquaculture structure, greatly saving food and increasing the utilization rate of renewable resources. It not only increases the income of farmers, but also solves the problem of some straws. The carbon-nitrogen ratio of herbivore livestock manure is close to 25:1, which is the best carbon-nitrogen ratio of biogas fermentation. After fertilization of herbivore livestock manure through biogas digesters, it produces high-quality biogas, which produces high-quality quick-acting organic fertilizer.
3.2.3 Vigorously develop cultivation of edible fungi. Edible mushroom cultivation not only provides human beings with high quality food, but also can digest human straw. A mushroom greenhouse can consume 50 mu of straw per year. After the straw produces mushrooms, the mushroom residue is a high-quality organic fertilizer.
3.3 Commercial utilization method Straw is divided into local direct digestion, biogas fermentation, feeding of herbivorous livestock, and cultivation of edible fungi. In recent years, various forms of commercial utilization have been formed, which further broaden the utilization of straw. way:
3.3.1 Centralized acquisition and compression of biomass power plants for fuel, can replace coal, save coal-fired power costs, per mus of straw can increase farmers' income of 80-100 yuan.
3.3, 2 straw production of charcoal. The straw is pulverized, pressed and formulated, and carbonized by carbonization kiln to produce charcoal.
3.3.3 Straw pulverization After granulation, it is directly used as fuel for boilers.
3.3.4 After the straw is pulverized, the binder is added to produce the sheet.
3.3.5 Straw production package straw rope and straw bag.
The commercialization of straw not only solves the problem of straw outlet, but also solves the problem of the rural surplus labor. It should be the direction of future development, but the current practical application effect is due to the economics of the labor force and the time of grabbing the harvesting season. The restriction of sex is not too ideal, and it is affected by many constraints. From the perspective of energy output input, the commercial output of straw is not conducive to the stability and optimization of farmland ecosystems. The problem of open burning of straw is a problem that currently plagues governments at all levels. The author believes that according to local conditions, based on local digestion, the establishment of straw comprehensive utilization system centered on straw returning will fundamentally eliminate straw pollution, maintain agricultural ecological balance, and achieve sustainable development of agriculture and rural economy.
Crop straw is also a very good resource. If it can be recovered by straw pulverizer and then passed through straw briquetting machine, straw granule machine and feed pellet machine to make biomass fuel feed for burning and livestock consumption, it is not the best of both worlds. The method, and if you get outside the sale of ordinary people can also increase income.
Information from: Hazards and countermeasures of open burning of straw in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River http://
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