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Among all trace elements, boron deficiency is the most common in China. The boron absorbed by plants is mainly from the soil, and the boron content of the soil is very important for plants. The amount of boron in the soil is closely related to the parent material, soil type and climatic conditions. Boron in soil can be simply divided into full boron and effective boron. The total amount of boron in the soil refers to the sum of boron present in the soil, including the available boron of the plant and the boron that cannot be utilized. Soil available boron refers to boron that plants can absorb from the soil. Therefore, the lack of boron in the soil depends entirely on the effective boron content of the soil.
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China's soil total boron amount
According to relevant information, the total boron content of soil in China ranges from 0 to 500 ppm, with an average of 64 ppm. The general distribution of total boron in China is gradually decreasing from north to south and from west to east.
The content of water-soluble boron in soil in China. In terms of the ability of soil to supply boron to plants, it is not measured by the amount of total boron in the soil, but by the amount of soil available boron (water-soluble boron). The distribution of water-soluble boron content in soils in China is the same as that in soil. The content of available boron in various types of soils varies greatly.
According to the second national soil census data, the area of ​​boron deficiency in the country's cultivated soil is as much as 500 million mu.
The proportion of boron deficiency in cultivated land in Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Henan, Shaanxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi, Jilin, Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, etc. is more than 60%. As the main production site of high-demand boron economic crops such as rape, cotton, peanuts, fruit trees and vegetables, boron deficiency has severely restricted the development of agricultural production in various places. Boron deficiency has become the main limiting factor for crop yield and quality improvement.
Boron is an essential element of plants. It is not a component of various organic matter in the crop, but it can enhance some important physiological functions of the crop. The supply of boron is sufficient, the plants are flourishing, the seeds are full, the roots are good, and the harvest is guaranteed; on the contrary, the supply of boron is insufficient, the growth of the plants is poor, the quality and yield of the products are declining; when the boron is seriously deficient, even the particles are not collected.
Crop boron deficiency general symptoms
Boron does not easily move from aging tissue to actively growing tissue. The first boron deficiency occurs when the top bud stops growing. Boron-deficient plants are most affected by metabolically active cells and tissues. When the boron is insufficient, the growth of the root end and the stem end is stopped. In severe cases, the growth point is necrotic, the lateral bud and the lateral root sprout are long, and the branches and leaves are clustered. The leaves are rough, wrinkled, curled, thickened and brittle, wrinkled and twisted, chlorotic and wilting, petiole and branches thickened and shortened, cracked, corked, or water-spotted spots or link-like protrusions. The stem base is enlarged. Brown necrosis and cracking appear inside the fleshy root. The differentiation and development of reproductive organs are blocked, pollen is abnormal, flowers and buds are easy to fall off, fertilization is not normal, and fruit seeds are not full. The symptoms of different crops are different, in summary:
The new leaves were first affected. New leaves are deformed, smaller, shattered, etc., but chlorosis is rare.
The stem becomes short and the symptoms of stem atrophy occur severely.
The growth point and heart leaf growth of the tip are blocked, whitened or browned and necrotic, and the side buds are stimulated (some of the lateral buds are also necrotic) and clustered or clustered.
Leaf deformities, thick and brittle or wrinkled and curled, and some crops have symptoms of interlobular yellowing.
The petiole or stem thickens into short, thick, cracked and corked, or immersed in gangrene.
Storage tissue development produces brown water-immersed lesions. A cork or black heart in the roots or tubers.
Boron deficiency inhibits pollen, nectar formation and pollen tube development, which affects pollination, causing severe flowering or fruit drop.
Fruit formation is incomplete due to incomplete pollination and insemination. The fruit is often malformed, slow-growing, the skin or pulp is partially water-soaked, the skin is thickened, the juice rate is low, and the seed is poorly developed.
Application Status of Boron
At present, the commonly used boron fertilizer varieties in China are borax, boron-magnesium fertilizer, boron-magnesium phosphate fertilizer and imported varieties.
China promotes the significance of boron fertilizer.
China is the country with the most serious boron deficiency in the world. According to the second national soil census data, the results show that the area of ​​boron deficiency in soil is more than 40%, the area of ​​zinc deficiency is more than 20%, and the area of ​​manganese deficiency, iron deficiency and copper deficiency are 10%, 5% and 1% respectively. . Among the trace elements, boron deficiency is the most serious. The area of ​​boron deficiency in the country's cultivated soil is as much as 500 million to 1 billion mu. Mainly distributed in: southeastern China (middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River) and the Loess Plateau, North China Plain, Huaibei Plain.
Boron deficiency severely limits and jeopardizes the development of agricultural production and the increase of farmers' income. The application of inferior boron fertilizer for many years (especially the application of boron-free ferro-magnesium fertilizer) has led to an increasingly serious shortage of boron in the soil (in 2003 and 2004, a large number of plots in the rapeseed producing areas of the Yangtze River Basin were produced due to lack of flowers).
China is one of the countries with the largest area of ​​rapeseed, cotton, peanuts, soybeans, sunflowers, beets, vegetables and fruit trees in the world. Rape, cotton, peanuts, soybeans, sunflowers, beets, vegetables, and fruit trees are all sensitive to boron deficiency, and the demand for boron is large. In recent years, with the promotion of rapeseed and cotton hybrids, the demand for boron has increased greatly, which has led to a deterioration of boron deficiency.
Globally, most of the boron resources are distributed in the western hemisphere and are most concentrated in the United States. The proven reserves of boron ore in China are about 50 million tons. The small amount, low grade and high impurity content are the three disadvantages of China's boron mines, and the resources are wasted.
The level of agricultural boron fertilizer products in China is quite different from that in foreign countries. Until the strengthening of the project, there is no special boron fertilizer for refining polymerization agriculture. The domestically produced boron fertilizers currently on the market are mostly industrial ten-water borax and industrial boron waste-boron mud, which are not only low in fertilizer efficiency, but also contain heavy metal content, which is not conducive to environmental protection. Therefore, the introduction of foreign high-efficiency boron fertilizer is also an effective way to improve the production level of agricultural boron fertilizer in China.
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